Implicit Stereotypes: Evidence from Teachers’ Gender Bias

Abstract

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Revealing Stereotypes: Evidence from Immigrants in Schools

“…In addition, discrimination may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies by influencing the behavior of discriminated groups in the direction of the stereotypes. For example, individuals exposed to bias toward their own group may reduce effort, self-confidence, and productivity (Carlana, 2018;Bordalo et al, 2018;Glover et al, 2017).…”

“…In the context of gender bias, Reuben et al (2014) show in a lab experiment that the gender IAT predicts employers' biased expectations against females and a suboptimal update of expectations after ability is revealed. Carlana (2018) shows that teachers' stereotypes affect the gender gap in math, track choice, and self-confidence in own mathematical abilities for girls in middle school.…”

Bias in the Air: A Nationwide Exploration of Teachers’ Implicit Racial Attitudes, Aggregate Bias, and Student Outcomes

“…Despite theoretical support for its influence in education, few researchers have directly measured teachers’ implicit racial biases in the United States. Studies from outside the United States have shown that teachers’ levels of implicit bias (as measured by the IAT) toward racial/ethnic minorities is associated with test score inequalities within teachers’ classrooms (Peterson et al, 2016; van den Bergh et al, 2010), and similar results have been found for gender bias (Carlana, 2019). In the United States, teachers and nonteachers exhibit similar levels of implicit bias overall (Starck et al, 2020), and teachers with higher levels of racial bias on the IAT were less likely to report that they promoted mutual respect among students in their classrooms (Kumar et al, 2015).…”

How do perceptions of relative poverty affect women's empowerment? Evidence from Papua New Guinea

“…Gender biases and norms contribute to how women are evaluated professionally and advance in their careers (Bayer and Rouse, 2016;Mengel et al, 2018;Carlana, 2019). While regressive gender norms exhibit a high degree of cultural persistence (Alesina et al, 2013;Giuliano, 2017), recent research shows that norms can be reshaped-for example, through exposure to women leaders (Beaman et al, 2009(Beaman et al, , 2012, mothers' labor force participation (Fernández, 2013), serving with women in the military (Dahl et al, 2018), having daughters (Washington, 2008), having sisters (Healy and Malhotra, 2013), raising aspirations for men (Kosec et al, 2018), exposure to television programs that depict deviations from traditional gender norms (Jensen and Oster, 2009;La Ferrara et al, 2012), and even school-based discussions with adolescents about gender equality (Dhar et al, 2019).…”