Implicitly Modeling Frequency Control within Power Flow

Abstract

In this paper, we extend a circuit-based, current-voltage power flow formulation to include frequency deviations and implicitly model generator primary and secondary control actions as a function of their temporal dependence. This includes extending the slack bus generator model(s) to better represents its true behavior with frequency controls. These implicit models obviate the need for outer iteration loops and improve the robustness of the simulation convergence when frequency deviations are considered. The simulation framework is highly scalable and is demonstrated on 85k+ bus systems.Index Terms-current voltage formulation, current mismatch formulation, equivalent split-circuit, frequency response, power flow.

Dynamic Power Flow Modeling Primary and Secondary Frequency Regulations

“…To address the problem of distributing the incremental powers after the occurrence of disturbance, some contributions propose different criteria. In [3] and [16] the generator power mismatches implicitly contain the presence of the frequency deviation. In [17], participation factors are obtained by considering the costs of generating units, thus, implementing an economic dispatch of the power unbalance.…”

Robust Sequential Steady-State Analysis of Cascading Outages

“…In [10] and [17], we have shown that convergence issues due to piecewise discontinuous modeling of limits can be avoided by using implicit models for system control including real power control of a generator based on frequency deviations. It was shown that a generator's change in real power due to the primary response can be captured by formulating the change in real power as a function of frequency including real power limits [18]. This continuous model implicitly captures the generator real power limits without the need for outer iteration loops.…”