“…Compared to the earlier studies, our findings for Turkey's overall imports and exports are lower than those for developed countries, such as Canada (0.484 in Devereux et al, 2017) and New Zealand (0.475 in Fabling & Sanderson, 2015), for Chile (0.95 in Giuliano & Luttini, 2020), for developed (average import price passthrough = 0.60, average export price pass-through = 0.39), and emerging countries (average import price passthrough = 0.54, average export price pass-through = 0.51). However, they are higher than those for East Asian countries, including Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand (Parsons & Sato, 2006).…”