Importance of changing CO<sub>2</sub>, temperature, precipitation, and ozone on carbon and water cycles of an upland‐oak forest: incorporating experimental results into model simulations

Hanson, Paul J.; Wullschleger, Stan D.; Norby, Richard J.; Tschaplinski, Timothy J.; Gunderson, Carla A.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00991.x

Cited by 80 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 137 publications

(190 reference statements)

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“…The majority of the grass biomass in watershed 1D at Konza is produced by a few C 4 grass species (44); future research would need to compare the physiology of a range of grass species with different evolutionary histories to test this possibility. Likewise, although other studies have quantified the seasonal sensitivity of aspects of plant productivity to precipitation (14,15,45), more research in other sites will be necessary to understand the geographic patterns of seasonal sensitivity to climate.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, most climate variability would not be considered extreme and occurs on much shorter time scales throughout the growing season with temperature and precipitation frequently disassociated. The response of ecosystems to short-term climate variability at different times of year is thought to vary (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)), but we know little about how the timing of short-duration climate variability impacts key ecosystem dynamics such as plant productivity.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Timing of climate variability and grassland productivity

Craine

Nippert

Elmore

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

287

185

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Future climates are forecast to include greater precipitation variability and more frequent heat waves, but the degree to which the timing of climate variability impacts ecosystems is uncertain. In a temperate, humid grassland, we examined the seasonal impacts of climate variability on 27 y of grass productivity. Drought and highintensity precipitation reduced grass productivity only during a 110-d period, whereas high temperatures reduced productivity only during 25 d in July. The effects of drought and heat waves declined over the season and had no detectable impact on grass productivity in August. If these patterns are general across ecosystems, predictions of ecosystem response to climate change will have to account not only for the magnitude of climate variability but also for its timing.Konza | net primary production | streamflow | critical climate periods F uture climates are likely to include more frequent droughts, high-intensity precipitation patterns, and heat waves, (i.e., periods of elevated air temperatures) (1, 2). At their most severe, extreme climate events, such as the mid-American heat waves of 1980 and 2011 and the 2003 European heat wave, involve months of hot, dry weather (3, 4), increasing mortality in humans and wildlife (5, 6) while reducing agricultural and natural-systems productivity (7-10). An increase in climate extremes would have unambiguously negative effects on ecosystems. However, most climate variability would not be considered extreme and occurs on much shorter time scales throughout the growing season with temperature and precipitation frequently disassociated. The response of ecosystems to short-term climate variability at different times of year is thought to vary (11-16), but we know little about how the timing of short-duration climate variability impacts key ecosystem dynamics such as plant productivity.To understand better how the timing of climate variability affects grassland productivity, we applied the critical climate period approach (17, 18) to long-term measurements of grass productivity in a humid, temperate grassland. Aboveground net primary productivity of grass (ANPP G ) was measured at the time of peak standing biomass from 1984-2010 in both shallow-soil upland and deep-soil lowland topographic positions in an annually burned, ungrazed watershed that is dominated by grasses with the C 4 photosynthetic pathway. In attempting to understand how the timing of climate variability affects grass productivity, we analyzed long-term records of precipitation, stream discharge, and air temperature to examine how variation in drought, precipitation intensity, and heat waves affect grass productivity at different times of the growing season. Results and DiscussionAcross 27 y, drought reduced grass productivity over a wide range of dates but had declining effects as the season progressed. ANPP G decreased with decreasing precipitation summed from April 15 to August 2 [day of year (DOY) 105-214] (Fig. 1). ANPP G declined 0.60 ± 0.12 g·m −2 for each millimeter decline in p...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Timing of climate variability and grassland productivity

Craine

Nippert

Elmore

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

287

185

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“…respiration and photosynthesis) influencing plant growth are also temperature sensitive, but differentially so, both among species and plant functional groups (Tjoelker et al, 1999;Hanson et al, 2005;Rennenberg et al, 2006;Wang et al, 2012). Net photosynthesis (primary production) typically peaks within the range of normally experienced temperatures (Kirschbaum, 2000;Berggren et al, 2009), which as described in the following section, is a key difference with respect to insect herbivores.…”

Section: Direct and Herbivore-mediated Climate Change Effects On Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consequences of Climate Warming and Altered Precipitation Patterns for Plant-Insect and Multitrophic Interactions

et al. 2012

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(A.M.T.) Understanding and predicting the impacts of anthropogenically driven climate change on species interactions and ecosystem processes is a critical scientific and societal challenge. Climate change has important ecological consequences for species interactions that occur across multiple trophic levels. In this Update, we broadly examine recent literature focused on disentangling the direct and indirect effects of temperature and water availability on plants, phytophagous insects, and the natural enemies of these insects, with special attention given to forest ecosystems. We highlight the role of temperature in shaping plant and insect metabolism, growth, development, and phenology. Additionally, we address the complexity involved in determining climate-mediated effects on plant-insect and multitrophic level interactions as well as the roles of plant ecophysiological processes in driving both bottom-up and top-down controls. Climate warming may exacerbate plant susceptibility to attack by some insect groups, particularly under reduced water availability. Despite considerable growth in research investigating the effects of climate change on plants and insects, we lack a mechanistic understanding of how temperature and precipitation influence species interactions, particularly with respect to plant defense traits and insect outbreaks. Moreover, a systematic literature review reveals that research efforts to date are highly overrepresented by plant studies and suggests a need for greater attention to plant-insect and multitrophic level interactions. Understanding the role of climatic variability and change on such interactions will provide further insight into links between abiotic and biotic drivers of community-and ecosystem-level processes.Anthropogenic activities have led to rapid and unprecedented increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and other greenhouse gases, which in turn have resulted in numerous observable climatic changes, such as elevated temperature, increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events (e.g. heat waves and droughts), and altered precipitation patterns (e.g. decreased snow cover) (National Research Council, 2010). Species are responding to these climate change factors, as demonstrated by shifts in phenology (the timing of key biological and life history events), biogeographic ranges, and ecological interactions (Bale et al., 2002;Parmesan and Yohe, 2003;Hegland et al., 2009;Robinson et al., 2012). In this Update, we review and discuss the consequences of climate change on plant-insect and multitrophic interactions. Specifically, we address the direct and indirect effects of climate warming and altered precipitation patterns on plants, phytophagous insects, and higher trophic level organisms. We focus on these two components of climate change, firstly, because temperature is the abiotic factor that most directly influences insects (Bale et al., 2002), and secondly, because water availability plays a prominent role in mediating plant-insect interactions (Mattso...

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“…Controlled experiments and long-term observations can be helpful for understanding the responses of plants to global change. A 14-year controlled multifactor experiment was carried out in a temperate deciduous forest in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Tennessee (Hanson et al 2005). These authors found that a change in precipitation considerably influenced the physiological adjustments of trees and resulted in a change in leaf biomass.…”

Section: The Effect Of Climate On Nppmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of climate on the net primary productivity (NPP) of Pinus koraiensis in the Changbai Mountains over the past 50 years

Fang

Wang

Shao

2015

Trees

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Key message The net primary productivity (NPP) of Pinus koraiensis, estimated from tree-ring widths, has a significant correlation with the minimum temperature in April and the summer precipitation over the past 50 years. Abstract This study investigated the relationship between climate and Pinus koraiensis net primary productivity (NPP) (estimated using tree-ring widths) and the effect of climate on NPP in the Changbai Mountains. Three typical areas of Pinus koraiensis and a broad-leaved mixed forest were investigated and sampled. NPP was estimated using biomass equations and the annual diameter at breast height, calculated from tree-ring widths. A stepwise regression was used for the quantitative analysis of the response of NPP to climate variation, whereas correlation and response analyses were used to illustrate the relationship between the climatic variables and NPP. The results showed that between 1960 and 2012, the biomass of sampled Pinus koraiensis in the Changbai Mountains almost doubled, from 107.70 to 205.29 t ha -1 . The NPP of Pinus koraiensis varied steadily within a confined range over the past 52 years, with an average of 1.88 t ha -1 year -1 . In this study, it was deduced that NPP was simultaneously affected by temperature and precipitation. The minimum temperature in April and the precipitation in June and July, which most affected the changes in NPP, could explain 28.4 % of the NPP variance. The extreme values of these principal climatic controls corresponded well with extreme NPP values. However, an increase in NPP caused by recent warming prior to the growing season might have been offset by a decrease in summer precipitation. Furthermore, the effect of temperature change on NPP was complex. An increase in monthly low temperatures induced by warming acted to increase NPP, while the monthly high temperatures during the growing season had a negative impact on NPP for the drought.

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Importance of changing CO₂, temperature, precipitation, and ozone on carbon and water cycles of an upland‐oak forest: incorporating experimental results into model simulations

Cited by 80 publications

References 137 publications

Timing of climate variability and grassland productivity

Timing of climate variability and grassland productivity

Consequences of Climate Warming and Altered Precipitation Patterns for Plant-Insect and Multitrophic Interactions

The effect of climate on the net primary productivity (NPP) of Pinus koraiensis in the Changbai Mountains over the past 50 years

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Importance of changing CO2, temperature, precipitation, and ozone on carbon and water cycles of an upland‐oak forest: incorporating experimental results into model simulations

Cited by 80 publications

References 137 publications

Timing of climate variability and grassland productivity

Timing of climate variability and grassland productivity

Consequences of Climate Warming and Altered Precipitation Patterns for Plant-Insect and Multitrophic Interactions

The effect of climate on the net primary productivity (NPP) of Pinus koraiensis in the Changbai Mountains over the past 50 years

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Importance of changing CO₂, temperature, precipitation, and ozone on carbon and water cycles of an upland‐oak forest: incorporating experimental results into model simulations