Importance of microbial extracellular vesicle in the pathogenesis of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its diagnostic potential

Abstract

There are rising evidences of the human microbiome as a potentially influential player that is actively engaged in shaping the pathogenetic processes and other unresolved issues both in asthma and other chronic respiratory diseases, particularly of the airways. The biological components such as microbiome in inhaled air can induce immune dysfunction and inflammation, leading to inflammatory pulmonary disorders such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Microbe-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) with biologically active information or functions can reprogram their respective target cells and EV may have a role for the development of asthma and COPD. To evaluate the role of microbederived EV in the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD and its role in diagnosis, the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement method was used for the study. An electronic search was performed using PubMed, PubMed Central, and Embase up to 2020. EVs serve as an intercellular transporter of miRNAs for cell-to-cell communication in the lungs. Bacteria-derived EVs have distinctive characteristics in the lungs of patients with asthma and COPD compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, bacterial EV IgG antibody titers in serum were significantly higher in patients with asthma and COPD than in healthy controls, suggesting that antibacterial EV antibodies titers can be used as a diagnostic tool for lung disease. Taken together, microbial EVs and miRNAs have important roles in the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD and they can provide novel diagnostic biomarkers for asthma and COPD.

COVID 19 – Possible interrelations with respiratory comorbidities caused by occupational exposure to various hazardous bioaerosols. Part I. Occurrence, epidemiology and presumed origin of the pandemic

“…The results obtained in the current study are in accordance with those of Mueller et al [66] who evidenced that endotoxin aggregates (macromolecules) showed much higher biological activity than monomers. More recently, Yang et al [67,68] and Kim et al [69] highlighted the significance of extracellular bacterial vesicles (EV), mostly those containing LPS, as potential causative factors of pulmonary inflammation, thus confirming the views published about 20 years earlier by the authors of the presented study. Yang et al [68] expressed an opinion that EVs, especially Gram-negative outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), induce Th17 immune response and lead to neutrophilic inflammation which may contribute to the development of asthma, emphysema, COPD, and lung cancer.…”

Potential Mechanisms Linking Food-Derived MicroRNAs, Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Barrier Functions in the Context of Nutrition and Human Health

“…In bacteria, extracellular vesicles range from 20 to 400 nm in diameter and they have been involved in bacterial functions such as biofilm formation, competition, antibiotic resistance or horizontal gene transfer (106). Extracellular vesicles of bacterial origin are not only involved in bacteria-bacteria communication, but also in bacteria-host cell communication, being able to elicit phenotypic changes in host cells altering their function with both detrimental and beneficial actions (107)(108)(109). Characterization studies of their cargo showed that they can contain several types of molecules, including structural and soluble proteins such as enzymes, secondary metabolites, virulence factors, glycolipids, lipopolysaccharides, bacterial antigens and a wide range of nucleic acids, including DNA and microRNA-like molecules, which have been extensively summarized in other reviews (110)(111)(112).…”

Exosomes: A Key Piece in Asthmatic Inflammation

“…They, therefore, demonstrated the important role of the microbiome as a potential diagnostic marker of asthma, employing the serum. Kim et al [ 140 ] focused their attention on bacterial EVs IgG antibody titers in serum, observing that in asthma and COPD patients, these titers were higher than in healthy controls, postulating that these values could be used as a diagnostic tool for lung disease.…”