Importance of radial line and circulus distributions to the protectoflexibility of scales in fish armors

Jiang, Hanyang; Ghods, S.; Weller, Emily; Waddell, Sarah; Peng, Guangjian; Yang, Fujun; Arola, D.

doi:10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.101022

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Since the scales are composed of a multileveled hierarchical structure, mechanisms similar to those described above were identified. Delamination, stretching and fracture of the collagen fibers in different orientations, as shown in Figure 12 a,b, along with rotation and pullout of fiber bundles from the internal structure, in Figure 12 c,d, have also been reported on previous studies with lower strain rates [ 17 , 20 , 24 , 46 , 49 , 51 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Torres et al [ 47 ] reported higher absorbed energy values in impact tests for the dried arapaima scales than in humid conditions. Water affects the internal collagen structure of the scales by acting as a plasticizer, forming hydrogen cross-link bonds with the collagen and water ‘‘sheaths’’ in the surface of the collagen fibers [ 48 , 49 ]. Bezerra et al [ 29 ] previously characterized the surface structure and composition of arapaima scales and their interaction with the epoxy matrix.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy Absorption and Ballistic Performance of Epoxy Composite Reinforced with Arapaima Scales

et al. 2023

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Arapaima scales possess a hierarchical structure capable of absorbing a considerable amount of energy before fracture. These natural dermal armors present significant potential in the sustainable development of cost-effective composites. This work aimed, for the first time, to analyze the impact resistance and ballistic performance of arapaima scale-reinforced epoxy composites and their potential application in multilayered armor systems (MAS). Composite plates were prepared with 20%, 30%, and 40 vol% of arapaima scales. Composite specimens were subjected to notched Izod impact and residual velocity stand-alone tests and their MAS through backface signature (BFS) tests, with their fracture surfaces studied using SEM. The Izod tests confirmed the effect of scales’ volume fraction on the energy absorbed by the composites, showing an increase with volume fraction. Residual velocity tests showed that composites with 30 vol% of scales resulted in the most significant improvement in absorbed energy. All MAS formulations presented BFS depths lower than the trauma limit specified by the NIJ standard. Fractographic analysis showed that the scales’ toughening mechanisms improved the composites’ energy absorption capacity. The experimental results substantiate the potential use of arapaima scales as a reinforcement agent in polymeric composites, with 30 vol% being the optimal volume fraction for energy-absorbing applications.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Absorption and Ballistic Performance of Epoxy Composite Reinforced with Arapaima Scales

et al. 2023

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“…Thus, the main body of this ctenoid scale likely possessed exceptional flexibility. Moreover, research has demonstrated that the ctenii and circuli enhance the overall durability of fish scales, aiding in protection against threats and movement [38][39][40]. Numerous ctenii traces along the fossil scale's periphery (Fig 6A and 6B).…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

The age and growth information of a ctenoid scale fossil from the Upper Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation in Songliao Basin, China

Liu,

Li,

Reisz

2024

PLoS ONE

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The study of morphological characteristics and growth information in fish scales is a crucial component of modern fishery biological research, while it has been less studied in fossil materials. This paper presents a detailed morphological description and growth analysis of a fossil ctenoid scale obtained from the Upper Cretaceous Campanian lacustrine deposits in northeastern China. The morphological features of this fossil scale are well-preserved and consistent with the structures found in ctenoid scales of extant fish species and display prominent ring ornamentation radiating outward from the central focus, with grooves intersecting the rings. A comparative analysis of the morphological characteristics between the fossil ctenoid scale and those well-studied extant fish Mugilidae allows us to explore the applicability of modern fishery biological research methods to the field of fossil scales. The scale length, scale width, the vertical distance from the focus to the apex of the scale, and the total number of radii have been measured. The age of the fish that possessed this ctenoid scale has been estimated by carefully counting the annuli, suggesting an age equal to or more than seven years. The distribution of growth rings on the scale potentially reflects the warm paleoclimatic condition and fish-friendly paleoenvironment prevalent during that period. This paper, moreover, serves as a notable application of fishery biological methods in the examination of fossil materials.

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“…Furthermore, these inner layers contain a significant number of collagen fibers arranged in multiple layers [8,14,15]. The collagen fibers within each layer are arranged in parallel; however, the fibers of adjacent layers are oriented at certain angles with respect to each other [16,17]. This unique structural arrangement further enhances the mechanical adaptability of the scales, by allowing for the deformation and rotation of collagen fibers [18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conversely, when wet, their hardness and elastic modulus decrease but their flexibility increases [23,24]. Studies have indicated that the ridge line and circulus of the arapaima scales play an important role in enhancing their overall damage tolerance [16]. To summarize, arapaima scales are extraordinary materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of surface morphology on tribological properties of Arapaima gigas scales

Zhang,

Bai,

Wen

et al. 2023

Friction

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The remarkable mechanical adaptability of arapaima (Arapaima gigas) scales has made them an important subject of study. However, no research has been conducted into their tribological properties, which are crucial for the protectability and flexibility of arapaimas. In this study, by combining morphological characterizations, friction experiments, and theoretical analyses, the relationship between the surface morphology and tribological properties of arapaima scales is determined. These results indicate that arapaima scales exhibit varying surface morphologies in different regions. More specifically, the exposed regions of scales feature grooves and a circulus, whereas the covered regions exhibit bumps. The specific surface morphology of arapaima scales produces varying tribological properties across different regions and sliding directions. The unique tribological properties of arapaima scales influence the forces received from predator attacks and neighboring scales, directly influencing the arapaima’s protective capabilities. This study provides new insights into the mechanisms of natural flexible dermal armors, and it has potential applications in personal protective systems.

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Importance of radial line and circulus distributions to the protectoflexibility of scales in fish armors

Cited by 4 publications

References 41 publications

Energy Absorption and Ballistic Performance of Epoxy Composite Reinforced with Arapaima Scales

Energy Absorption and Ballistic Performance of Epoxy Composite Reinforced with Arapaima Scales

The age and growth information of a ctenoid scale fossil from the Upper Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation in Songliao Basin, China

Effects of surface morphology on tribological properties of Arapaima gigas scales

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