“…The O 1s spectra were deconvoluted into three peaks to evaluate the chemical changes. The three peaks at 530.3, 531.0, and 531.9 eV represent metal oxide (M-O) bonds, oxygen vacancies (V O ), and metal hydroxyl (M-OH), respectively [22,23]. The M-O ratios of the ZTO thin films with Sn/(Sn+Zn) ratios of 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 are 60.04%, 63.18%, 59.98%, and 50.98%, respectively.…”