Importance of the commissural nucleus of the solitary tract in renovascular hypertension

Astrocytes in the nucleus of the solitary tract: Contributions to neural circuits controlling physiology

“… Stimulus Outcome Species Reference Ozone inhalation (3 hours) Greater VEGF expression in NTS astrocytes than normoxic controls, increased branching of cells Rat Araneda et al 2008 [63] Ozone inhalation (24 hours) Greater glial coverage of synapses in NTS compared with untreated controls Rat Chounlamountry et al 2015 [64] 10% Oxygen inhalation Greater NTS GFAP immunoreactivity (1 and 6 hours, compared with normoxic controls). 6 hour blocked by minocycline Mouse Tadmouri et al 2014 [60] 10% Oxygen inhalation Greater GFAP immunoreactivity in NTS (4 and 24 hours, compared with normoxic controls), blocked by minocycline Rat Stokes et al 2017 [65] 10% Oxygen inhalation Greater GFAP immunoreactivity in NTS after 10 days compared with normoxic controls Rat De La Zerda et al 2018 [66] Thioacetamine injection (liver damage model) Greater number of GFAP expressing cells in NTS compared with vehicle injected controls Rat Tsai et al 2017 [67] Lateral ventricle STZ treatment (neurodegeneration model) Greater S100b immunoreactivity in commissural NTS compared with vehicle injected controls Rat Ebel et al 2017 [68] Intrastriatal 6-OHDA injection (Parkinsonian model) Lower GFAP immunoreactivity in NTS after 60 days compared with shorter durations Rat Fernandes-Junior et al 2018 [69] Two-kidney 1-clip hypertension Greater number of GFAP-positive pixels in NTS than in normotensive controls Rat Melo et al 2019 [70] Isoproterenol induced water drinking No difference in GFAP immunoreactivity in NTS Rat Hardy et al 2018 [71] Age Greater GFAP immunoreactivity in NTS of aged (24 months) compared with young (6 months) ...…”

Melatonin as a rational alternative in the conservative treatment of resistant hypertension

“…Thus, endogenous melatonin may represent a counterregulatory mechanism against excessive sympathetic stimulation [8,9]. Moreover, Melo et al [10]. revealed in 2K1C rats that the AT1R inhibitor losartan or the activation of GABAergic receptor in the commissural nucleus (cNTS), a part of the NTS, reduced ROS, inflammation and microglia in the cNTS along with BP reduction.…”

Is the commissural nucleus of the solitary tract essential for the maintenance of renovascular hypertension? A putative role for the carotid bodies

“…In this issue of Hypertension Research, Melo et al [12] make an important contribution to understanding how carotid bodies may influence neurotransmission at the cNTS to maintain renovascular hypertension. Using a combination of refined in vitro and in vivo approaches (Fig.…”

“…Given the proximity with the AP, one question that needs to be addressed is whether ANG II is acting at the cNTS via Fig. 1 Schematic drawing summarizing the findings of Melo et al [12] and highlighting some questions that should be addressed in future investigations. The authors demonstrated that NOX-2, IL-6, TNF-α, microglia, and astrocytes were elevated in the cNTS of the 2-kidney-1-clip (2K1C) experimental model of renovascular hypertension.…”

“…Despite these open questions, the pioneering study by Melo et al [12] set the framework for advancing knowledge toward understanding the role of carotid bodies in processing of renovascular hypertension at the cNTS level. Whether the carotid bodies are essential or play a minor role in the development and maintenance of renovascular hypertension is a matter that warrants further investigation.…”