Importance of Urinalysis

Piech, Tara L.; Wycislo, Kathryn L.

doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.10.005

Cited by 35 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The method and timing of urine collection may influence urinalysis and other urine test results . Voided urine samples may be obtained by the client at home (AH) or samples may be collected during the patient's evaluation in hospital (IH).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urine cortisol‐creatinine and protein‐creatinine ratios in urine samples from healthy dogs collected at home and in hospital

Citron¹,

Weinstein

Littman

et al. 2020

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background Recently, urine protein:creatinine ratios (UPC) were shown to be lower in urine samples from dogs collected at home (AH) as compared to those collected in hospital (IH). Stress‐inducing procedures and travel to the hospital have been hypothesized to cause prerenal proteinuria. Objectives Evaluate patient stress using urine cortisol:creatinine ratios (UCCr) and correlate UCCr to UPC in urine samples obtained AH and IH. Animals Thirty‐six healthy, client‐owned dogs. Methods Prospective, non‐masked study. Two voided urine samples were obtained (AH and IH). Complete urinalysis as well as UPC and UCCr were performed. Clients graded their dogs' stress level AH, in transport, and IH. Results The UCCr was significantly higher in IH samples than in AH samples (P < .0001), but UPC was not significantly different between AH and IH urine samples (P = .14). In all samples and in both collection settings, UCCr was not significantly correlated with UPC. Travel time and time IH were not correlated with change in UCCr or UPC. In 8 dogs with borderline or overt proteinuria, no significant difference was found in UPC between settings, but UCCr was significantly higher in IH samples. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The UPC was not higher when measured in urine samples collected IH compared to AH. Dogs had higher UCCr IH, but UCCr was not associated with UPC. Stress, as estimated by UCCr, did not affect proteinuria. Further evidence is needed to support the claim that stress may result in proteinuria in healthy dogs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urine cortisol‐creatinine and protein‐creatinine ratios in urine samples from healthy dogs collected at home and in hospital

Citron¹,

Weinstein

Littman

et al. 2020

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…Urine is an excellent biological sample, and urinalysis is one of the most important clinicopathologic tools in veterinary medicine for the identification of renal and urinary tract disorders, as well as to obtain preliminary information on non-urinary diseases. 24,32,34,41 Urine samples have been collected from chimpanzees, macaques, orangutans, and wolves by a variety of sampling methods: from the snow, leaves, first aid cotton, as well as clean plastic sheets. 8,9,21,25,44 Urine collection from the ground or floor with a syringe has been reported for captive okapi and giant panda, and applied in giraffes to study the urinary metabolome.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5,14,48 The latter method could be useful also for giraffes given that urine can be collected repeatedly in adequate amounts and noninvasively, without causing stress to the animals. 20,22,32,34 Indeed, the particular cardiovascular system of giraffes makes them more susceptible than other mammals to anesthetic mortality, making animal capture and sampling difficult and dangerous. 7…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noninvasive sampling method for urinalysis and urine protein profile in captive giraffes

et al. 2020

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Urinalysis could be helpful to investigate the health status of giraffes held in captivity using noninvasive methods to avoid animal handling or anesthesia. We collected 52 voided urine samples from 20 giraffes of different ages, sexes, and subspecies from the ground. To evaluate potential interference by soil contaminants, a pilot study was performed using 20 urine samples obtained from 10 cows. All bovine and 29 giraffe samples were subjected to routine urinalysis including urine specific gravity (USG). All samples were analyzed for urine total protein (uTP), urine creatinine (uCrea) concentration, and urine protein-to-urine creatinine ratio (UPC). Urinary proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. No significant differences were determined between free-catch and urine sampled from the ground in cows. Giraffe urine was pale-yellow, with alkaline pH (>8.0) and a mean USG of 1.035 ± 0.013. The uTP, uCrea, and UPC expressed as median (range) were 0.20 (0.08–0.47) g/L, 2.36 (0.62–5.2) g/L, and 0.08 (0.05–0.15), respectively. SDS-PAGE allowed the separation of protein bands with different molecular masses, including putative uromodulin at 90 kD, putative albumin at 64 kD, and putative immunoglobulin heavy and light chains at 49 kD and 25 kD, respectively. Urine collection from the ground appears to be a reliable technique for urinalysis and urine electrophoresis in giraffes.

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“…After the collection, individual urine samples were stored and analyzed separately. Each sample, after being transferred with the syringe in a cup, underwent physical and chemical evaluation, and the color and turbidity were evaluated following the guidelines for dogs and cats [ 1 , 2 ]. The urine specific gravity (USG) evaluation was carried out using a refractometer (Giorgio Bormac, 41012 Modena, Italy) and the chemical evaluation using a semi-quantitative dipstick test (KRUUSE VET-10 Urine Strips, J∅RGEN KRUUSE A/S INTERNATIONAL, Langeskov, Denmark).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Urinalysis is widely recognized to be a useful diagnostic tool in routine health investigations in veterinary medicine since it can diagnose different metabolic, urinary tract, and systemic diseases [ 1 , 2 ]. In giraffes, the urinary reference values, defined as the interval which contains all of the possible values between and including an upper and lower limit from a reference population [ 3 ], have not been defined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary Reference Values and First Insight into the Urinary Proteome of Captive Giraffes

Fasoli

Andreani

Dondi

et al. 2020

Animals

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Urinalysis is widely recognized to be a useful tool in routine health investigations, since it can diagnose numerous pathologies. Considering the paucity of knowledge concerning giraffes, urine from 44 giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) (18 males and 26 females, from 3 months of age to 21 years of age) underwent routine urinalysis, 1D-electrophoresis, and protein identification using mass spectrometry, with the aim of identifying the urinary reference values and the urine proteome. The urine specific gravity (USG), urine total proteins (uTP), urine creatinine (uCr), and urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) reference values, reported as the median, and lower limit (LL) and upper limit (UL), were 1.030 (1006–1.049), 17.58 (4.54–35.31) mg/dL, 154.62 (39.59–357.95) mg/dL, and 0.11 (0.07–0.16), respectively. Mass spectrometry, together with electrophoresis, revealed a pattern of common urinary proteins; albumin, lysozyme C, and ubiquitin were the most represented proteins in the giraffe urine. It has been hypothesized that these proteins could act as a defense against microbes. Moreover, in giraffes, urinalysis could be a valid tool for gauging renal function and physiological status changes.

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Importance of Urinalysis

Cited by 35 publications

References 12 publications

Urine cortisol‐creatinine and protein‐creatinine ratios in urine samples from healthy dogs collected at home and in hospital

Urine cortisol‐creatinine and protein‐creatinine ratios in urine samples from healthy dogs collected at home and in hospital

Noninvasive sampling method for urinalysis and urine protein profile in captive giraffes

Urinary Reference Values and First Insight into the Urinary Proteome of Captive Giraffes

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