Importancia de la domesticación en la conservación de los hongos silvestres comestibles en México

Abstract

Importancia de la domesticación en la conservación de los hongos silvestres comestibles en MéxicoThe importance of domestication in the conservation of edible wild fungi in Mexico SUMMARYIn Latin America, including Mexico, the tremendous degradation of forests has drastically altered the ecological, social and cultural contexts associated with them. Edible wild fungi form part of the eating and subsistence strategy of the local inhabitants and of the biocultural richness. This resource is currently at risk owing to the growing demand for its gastronomic and nutraceutical properties, and because of the lack of knowledge for its sustainable use. All of this increases the probability of overexploiting or driving some species extinct, especially the most traditionally used and well-known ones. Because of this, it is necessary to develop an understanding of the role of edible wild fungi in agroecosystems, and to develop technologies that allow them to be produced under domestication. This review examines the theoretical and conceptual background of the challenges of managing fungi and the implications of their domestication; emphasizing the need to take into account ethnomycological knowledge and use an interdisciplinary approach that favors a balance between conservation and development. The proper management of this resource could contribute to local economies and even become a driver of social transformation for rural and indigenous communities in the forests of Mexico.Key words: agroecosystems, forest ecosystems, traditional knowledge, ethnomycology. RESUMENEn Latinoamérica, incluido México, existe una gran degradación de los bosques y selvas que ha alterado drásticamente al entorno ecológico, social y cultural asociado a ellos. Los hongos silvestres comestibles forman parte de esta riqueza biocultural y se encuentran actualmente amenazados por el desconocimiento de pautas de aprovechamiento sostenible y la creciente demanda por sus propiedades gastronómicas y nutracéuticas. Esto aumenta la probabilidad de sobreexplotación o extinción de distintas especies, especialmente de aquellas tradicionales y más conocidas. Por lo anterior, es necesario entender el papel de los hongos silvestres comestibles dentro de los agroecosistemas, así como desarrollar tecnologías que permitan su domesticación y producción. En la presente revisión se analizan antecedentes teóricos y conceptuales relacionados con los retos en el manejo del recurso fúngico y las implicancias de su domesticación, señalando la necesidad de considerar el conocimiento etnomicológico y un enfoque interdisciplinario que favorezca el equilibrio entre conservación y desarrollo. El manejo adecuado de este recurso podría contribuir a las economías locales y ser un factor de transformación social para las comunidades rurales e indígenas de los bosques en México.

Does commercialization lead to more intensive management strategies? Decision-making for the utilization of non-timber forest products in a Nahua area of the Sierra Negra, Mexico

“…This phenomenon is evident in the mushrooms Laetiporus giltbersonii, Pleurotus sp., and Auricularia sp. (Tonagaz), which require specific substrates for growth in forest environments, making them difficult to propagate [ 56 ]. The same challenge applies to Peperomia peltilimba , a “quelite” that has been attempted to propagate in Ixtacxochitla and other localities by transplanting from its natural habitat to family homegardens, but without success [ 31 , 57 , 58 ].…”

Genetic characterization, evaluation of growth and production of biomass of strains from wild edible mushrooms of Lyophyllum of Central Mexico

“…Mushrooms cultivation using native strains, particularly of Lyophyllum , requires studies that comprise the characterization and identification (morphological and genetic) of the sporophores and strains utilized; knowledge of ecological aspects, life cycles, production and composition of metabolites and identification of substrate types and environmental conditions suitable for fructification. 1 , 3 , 4…”

“…Management of their natural populations should therefore be based on sustainable development, through local knowledge and the study of species domestication techniques, that allows long-term conservation of the wild germplasm. 1 , 2 , 3 Technological development surrounding strains of wild edible mushrooms should preferentially be focused on species that are adapted to local climatic conditions and to the existing substrates of each region in order to be successfully cultivated. 4…”

PRE-TREATMENTS AND DRYING METHODS ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF WILD MUSHROOMS (Suillus luteus) FROM APURIMAC-PERU

“…The species is commonly known as pine mushrooms because they are found in areas covered with pine trees (Aytar et al, 2020). The collection of wild mushrooms generally occurs during the rainy season, and they are collected in large quantities by residents living near these areas (Alvarado-Castillo et al, 2013;Lara-Vázquez et al, 2013). The collection and commercialization of these mushrooms could improve the quality of life of vulnerable communities in developing countries (Alvarado-Castillo et al, 2013), providing nutritious food that can be incorporated into various dishes to enhance their nutritional value and generate income as an alternative economic activity (Maray et al, 2017;Ramírez-Ortega and Thomé-Ortiz, 2019).…”