Improved canine model for laryngotracheal stenosis☆☆☆★★★

Abstract

Laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) is a serious challenge for the otolaryngologist. Although progress has been made in preventing and treating LTS, more research is required. Existing canine models for LTS incur high mortality and morbidity, require relatively complicated procedures or costly equipment, entail lengthy waiting periods, or have unpredictable results. A simple, reliable, and inexpensive procedure, requiring no tracheotomy, is described for creating a canine model for LTS research. The new improved model is compared with previous models described in the literature. It will be especially useful for short-term studies of subglottic or tracheal stenosis.

Electrocautery versus 23% NaOH infiltration to induce subglottic stenosis in a canine experimental model

“…Electrocoagulation was chosen because it is a safe and easily reproducible method and there is a good availability of technically capable individuals to create the required equipment, such as the extremity used for electrocoagulation and the self-interruption system. Results obtained with this method are similar to those found in other studies [19,20,24]. During the study no technical difficulty was observed and the time needed to conduct each procedure was small with no need of anesthetic complementation and no complication associated to the technique.…”

“…The direct lesion of the mucosa of the subglottic region due to abrasion [17,18], the applications of chemical agents [19] or endoscopic-controlled electrocoagulation [20] are the experimental techniques mostly used. However, even though there are various SGS experimental induction endoscopic models, there is still no consensus about the ideal model [21].…”

A model of canine tracheal stenosis induced by radiofrequency cauterization

“…Electrocautery as an electrosurgical technique has been used widely in models to induce airway stenosis [4][5][6]. The approach was chosen to induce airway stenosis because it is a relative fast, precise, quantifiable, and reproducible method [5]. Radiofrequency operation and electrocautery are both electrosurgical techniques that damage the tissue by thermal lesion and the use of radiofrequency has all the advantages of electrocautery.…”

“…Many methods have been used to induce a model of airway stenosis that include long-term endotracheal intubation [2], laser cauterization [3], electrocautery [4][5][6], brushings [7], and the application of a cauterant such as hydrochloric acid [4], silver nitrate [4] or ethanol [6]. However, these methods are associated with a range of variables such as inaccurate and unpredictable results, complicated and difficult operations, and severe injury.…”

“…However, these methods are associated with a range of variables such as inaccurate and unpredictable results, complicated and difficult operations, and severe injury. In addition, most of these methods are used only for the induction of subglottic stenosis rather than tracheal stenosis [2][3][4][5], and the methods used to induce subglottic stenosis are not very suitable for the induction of tracheal stenosis for several reasons: (1) the membranous part of the tracheal wall is vulnerable; (2) the shape and thickness of the tracheal cartilage rings vary after the cricoid; and (3) the procedures are more difficult to carry out because of the low position. The treatment of tracheal stenosis is also different from that of subglottic stenosis.…”