The signals generated by these stimuli are transferred to the central neural network and brain to provide an appropriate response. In addition, biological skin possesses unique characteristics, such as stretchability, self-healing ability, and mechanical toughness. [1][2][3] It also provides an effective barrier against ambient elements such as chemicals, gases, radiation, and external biological agents.Electronic skin (e-skin) is an artificial smart skin composed of various electronic sensors distributed on a single uniform surface or stacked on multiple surfaces. It mimics some of the biological skin senses and provides a promising sensing platform for key application areas such as wearable sensors, robotics, and prosthetics (Figure 1). [1,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] However, serious concerns have arisen regarding the production of electronic waste (e-waste), the influence of e-skin on human health, the safety of wearable electronic devices, costs, and environmental limitations. These concerns have encouraged researchers to develop biocompatible, renewable, sustainable, and biodegradable flexible wearable detection devices and biosensing platforms. [12][13][14][15][16] Biological skin regularly regenerates the old superficial layer of the epidermis with new skin cells during the healing process. Inspired by this natural degradation cycle, artificial biodegradable skin-based electronics should be designed for programmable degradation, in contrast to conventional electronic materials. To achieve this goal, the development of biocompatible, environmentally friendly electronic systems that can be used for the fabrication of biodegradable and sustainable e-skins is important.Various low-cost, nontoxic, renewable, and natural substances and polymer-based materials that can be applied to the development of sustainable, biodegradable e-skins and alleviate the environmental and health risks of e-waste materials are available. [17][18][19][20][21][22] E-waste disrupts the biological activity of microbial enzymes and their metabolisms, which decreases the resistance and the diversity of soil-based microbial communities. [23] In addition, in the human body, the accumulation of metals and metalloids used in the fabrication of conventional electronics can cause a range of biophysical malfunctions and diseases, such as liver damage by Cu, behavioral disorders by Pb, and lung cancer and kidney damage by Cd. [24][25][26][27] The rapid growth of the electronics industry and proliferation of electronic materials and telecommunications technologies has led to the release of a massive amount of untreated electronic waste (e-waste) into the environment. Consequently, catastrophic environmental damage at the microbiome level and serious human health diseases threaten the natural fate of the planet. Currently, the demand for wearable electronics for applications in personalized medicine, electronic skins (e-skins), and health monitoring is substantial and growing. Therefore, "green" characteristics such as biodegradability, self-healin...
