“…Composite columns consist of steel sections and concrete. Most configurations of composite columns include steel covered by concrete, which is designated as an encased composite column (Chen and Lin, 2009a;Chen et al, 2009bChen et al, , 2016Chen et al, , 2018Chen et al, , 2022Jamkhaneh et al, 2020), and steel tubes filled with concrete, which is designated as a concrete-filled tubular (CFT) columns (Ahmadi et al, 2017(Ahmadi et al, , 2018Furlong, 1967;Gan et al, 2019;Roeder et al, 1999aRoeder et al, , 1999bZhou et al, 2019). CFT columns are considered more economical than reinforced concrete columns (Furlong, 1967); therefore, it is essential to promote their usage.…”