Improved correction method for using passive air samplers to assess the distribution of PCNs in the Dongjiang River basin of the Pearl River Delta, South China

Li, Qilu; Yue, Xu; Luo, Chunling; Liu, Xiang; Li, Jun; Zhang, Gan

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.01.043

Cited by 26 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Passive Air Sampling (PAS) has been widely applied to determine the spatial and temporal variations of atmospheric PCNs on the global or regional scale (Harner et al, 2006;Lee et al, 2007;Baek et al, 2008;Hogarh et al, 2012;Wang et al, 2012). Some urban areas in India and Pakistan with potential PCN sources were selected as targets to monitor the PCNs in the air by PAS because previous studies showed that urbanized and industrialized areas were prone to pollution (Harner and Bidleman, 1997;Lee et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in India and Pakistan

Yue

Chakraborty

et al. 2014

Science of The Total Environment

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• Atmospheric PCNs in India and Pakistan were determined by passive air sampling.• PCN levels were relatively lower than the reported values in other Asian countries.• Tri-and Tetra-CNs were the predominant congeners in the both countries.• Major sources were re-emission of Halowax and industrial thermal.• The potential health impact was comparable to non-urban sites in the world. Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are now under review by the Stockholm Convention as candidates for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) due to their persistence, toxicity, bioaccumulation, and long-range atmospheric transport. Data on PCN levels are sparse in South Asia. Atmospheric PCNs in India and Pakistan were monitored during the winter by polyurethane foam disk passive air samplers (PUF-PAS). The average concentrations were 29 pg/m 3 and 7.7 pg/m 3 in the Indian and Pakistani samples, respectively. Those concentration levels were relatively lower than the previously reported values in other Asian countries, but still considerably higher than in other sites in the world. Tri-CNs and tetra-CNs were the dominant homologues in the air, especially in India. Spatially, the PCNs were ubiquitous in the target areas, and local distribution was generally impacted by the proximity to potential sources. Major sources of PCNs in this study were the re-emission of Halowax and industrial thermal processes. Biomass burning influenced some sites in Pakistan. However, the enrichment of tri-CNs in Indian cities cannot be ascribed to either the signature of a specific source or the preferential volatilization and/or photodegradation in tropical areas. Despite this unclear issue in South Asia, the present study indicates that the potential health impact was generally comparable to that in non-urban sites worldwide.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in India and Pakistan

Yue

Chakraborty

et al. 2014

Science of The Total Environment

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“…As the use of technical PCN products has been phased out since the 1970s or 1980s (Hogarh et al, 2012), release of PCNs from historical residues and industrial thermal processes, such as municipal waste incineration, smelting, or coking, was reported to be their main source in the environment (Harner et al, 2006;Li et al, 2012;Wang et al, 2012;Liu et al, 2014). Previous studies suggested that the fraction of combustion-related congeners (e.g., PCN17/25,36/45,27/30,39,45,52/60,50,51,54,and 66/67) in ∑PCNs could be used to identify the importance of combustion source, because these congeners were minor or absent in Halowax and PCB technical formulations compared with incineration or other industrial thermal processes (Helm and Bidleman, 2003;Lee et al, 2007;Wang et al, 2012;Xu et al, 2014).…”

Section: Potential Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies suggested that the fraction of combustion-related congeners (e.g., PCN17/25,36/45,27/30,39,45,52/60,50,51,54,and 66/67) in ∑PCNs could be used to identify the importance of combustion source, because these congeners were minor or absent in Halowax and PCB technical formulations compared with incineration or other industrial thermal processes (Helm and Bidleman, 2003;Lee et al, 2007;Wang et al, 2012;Xu et al, 2014). ∑ combustion PCNs/∑PCNs N 0.5 indicated emission from combustion, while a value b 0.11 was Halowax (Lee et al, 2007).…”

Section: Potential Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin relative potency factors (RPFs) of CN congeners could be used to estimate the PCN-corresponding toxic equivalency (TEQ) values (Wang et al, 2012). In this study, TEQ values of PCN52/60, PCN50, and PCN64/68 were calculated based on the available RPFs reported by Helm et al (2004) and Noma et al (2004).…”

Section: Potential Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Evaporation from the historical residue has been a major pathway of PCNs in air (Harner and Bidleman, 1997). Recently, unintentional emissions of PCNs from combustion processes such as municipal waste incineration and metal smelting (including primary and secondary nonferrous smelting, coking, iron ore sintering, and electric arc furnaces) have been considered more important than ever to atmospheric PCNs (Wang et al, 2012;Liu et al, 2014Liu et al, , 2015.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polychlorinated naphthalenes in the air over the equatorial Indian Ocean: Occurrence, potential sources, and toxicity

Huang

Yue

et al. 2016

Marine Pollution Bulletin

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Assessment of the temporal and spatial distribution of atmospheric PCNs and their air–soil exchange using passive air samplers in Shanghai, East China

Die

Nie

et al. 2017

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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A total of 47 passive air samples and 25 soil samples were collected to study the temporal trend, distribution, and air-soil exchange of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in Shanghai, China. Atmospheric PCNs ranged from 3.44 to 44.1 pg/m (average of 21.9 pg/m) in summer and 13.6 to 153 pg/m (average of 40.0 pg/m) in winter. In the soil samples, PCN concentrations were 54.7-1382 pg/g dry weight (average of 319 pg/g). Tri-CNs and tetra-CNs were two dominant homolog groups in air samples, while di-CNs were also found at comparable proportions to tri-CNs and tetra-CNs in soil samples. Most air and soil samples from the industrial and urban areas showed higher PCN concentrations than those from suburban areas. However, some soil samples in urban centers presented higher PCN concentrations than industrial areas. Analysis of PCN sources indicated that both industrial thermal process and historical usage of commercial PCN mixtures contributed to the PCN burden in most areas. The fugacity fraction results indicated a strong tendency of volatilization for lighter PCNs (tri- to hexa-CNs) in both seasons, and air-soil deposition for octa-CNs. Moreover, air-soil exchange fluxes indicate that soil was an important source of atmospheric PCNs in some areas. The results of this study provide information for use in the evaluation of the potential impact and human health risk of PCNs around the study areas.

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Improved correction method for using passive air samplers to assess the distribution of PCNs in the Dongjiang River basin of the Pearl River Delta, South China

Cited by 26 publications

References 31 publications

Atmospheric polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in India and Pakistan

Atmospheric polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in India and Pakistan

Polychlorinated naphthalenes in the air over the equatorial Indian Ocean: Occurrence, potential sources, and toxicity

Assessment of the temporal and spatial distribution of atmospheric PCNs and their air–soil exchange using passive air samplers in Shanghai, East China

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