Improved effect of ultra‐pure soft water on skin water content in older adults

Matsuda, Keisuke; Makita, Yuka; Nagaoka, Takanori; Sasaki, Yuko; Maruyama, Naoki; Tanaka, Akane; Matsuda, Hiroshi

doi:10.1111/ggi.13200

Cited by 2 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The literature search identified 5981 studies. Fifty studies were selected for full review; 16 were included: two RCTs, 18,19 eight observational studies, 2,20‐26 two experimental studies with a randomized component, 8,27 three experimental non‐randomized studies , 28‐30 and two animal studies 30,31 . Study characteristics are presented in Table 1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study did not report a direct comparison of the effect between hard and soft water. Matsuda et al 29 studied the effect of ultra‐pure softened water (UPSW) on skin hydration in 15 elderly care home residents without a history of skin diseases. Statistically significantly ( P < .01) higher mean skin hydration was reported at 12 weeks in adults bathed with UPSW compared to those bathed with tap water (Table 3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of water hardness on atopic eczema, skin barrier function: A systematic review, meta‐analysis

Jabbar‐Lopez

Ung

Alexander

et al. 2020

Clin Experimental Allergy

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Background Hard domestic water has been reported to worsen atopic eczema (AE) and may contribute to its development in early life. Objective To review the literature on the relationship between the effect of water hardness (high calcium carbonate; CaCO3) on (a) the risk of developing AE, (b) the treatment of existing AE and (c) skin barrier function in human and animal studies. Design , data sources and eligibility criteria We systematically searched databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, GREAT and Web of Science) from inception until 30/6/2020. Human and animal observational and experimental studies were included. The primary outcomes were risk of AE and skin barrier function. Studies were meta‐analysed using a random effects model. Evidence certainty was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach. Results Sixteen studies were included. Pooled observational data from seven studies on 385,901 participants identified increased odds of AE in children exposed to harder versus softer water (odds ratio 1.28, 95% CI 1.09, 1.50; GRADE certainty: very low). Two mechanistic studies in humans reported higher deposition of the detergent sodium lauryl sulphate in those exposed to harder versus softer water. Two randomized controlled trials comparing water softeners with standard care did not show a significant difference in objective AE severity with softened water (standardized mean difference 0.06 standard deviations higher, 95% CI 0.16 lower to 0.27 higher; GRADE certainty: moderate). Conclusions & Clinical Relevance There was a positive association between living in a hard water (range: 76 to > 350 mg/L CaCO3) area and AE in children. There is no evidence that domestic water softeners improve objective disease severity in established AE. There may be a role of water hardness in the initiation of skin inflammation in early life, but there is a need for further longitudinal and interventional studies.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of water hardness on atopic eczema, skin barrier function: A systematic review, meta‐analysis

Jabbar‐Lopez

Ung

Alexander

et al. 2020

Clin Experimental Allergy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The increase in SCH during UPSW use may be associated with decreased SLES deposition and cutaneous absorption of calcium. 14 First, hard water increases deposition of surfactants on the skin. Reactions between ionized metals in hard water and the surfactants (e.g., SLS, SLES) or long-chain fatty acids in soap form an insoluble precipitate known as soap scum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 UPSW use for 12 weeks improved water content in the stratum corneum in older adults. 14 In the SOFTER trial, use of softened water for the first 6 months of life prevented AD in high-risk infants. 15 On the other hand, water softener use for 12 weeks conferred no benefit in usual care in children with moderate/severe AD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Certain ion‐exchange water softening machines can change hard water to ultra‐pure soft water (UPSW) without calcium or magnesium ions, which leaves no deposits on the skin and protects against skin barrier damage 9 . UPSW use for 12 weeks improved water content in the stratum corneum in older adults 14 . In the SOFTER trial, use of softened water for the first 6 months of life prevented AD in high‐risk infants 15 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of ultra‐pure soft water on the hands of nurses in a neonatal intensive care unit: A randomized crossover study

2022

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Background Healthcare workers (HCWs) wash their hands with tap water (TW) and soap. However, hard TW causes dermatitis. Objectives The present study aimed to compare the effects of ultra‐pure soft water (UPSW) with those of TW on the hands of HWCs. Methods The present study was a prospective randomized trial with a crossover design. All the nurses in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at the study centre were divided into Sequence 1 (UPSW to TW) or 2 (TW to UPSW) and washed their hands with TW or UPSW in alternating 4‐week periods with a 4‐week washout period. Trans‐epidermal water loss (TEWL) and stratum corneum hydration (SCH) were evaluated. Skin condition was self‐assessed. Results Twenty‐one and 22 nurses were assigned to Sequence 1 and Sequence 2, respectively. USPW increased SCH to a significantly greater degree than TW (mean: 26.3 μS ± 12.3 SD; 95% confidence interval: 1.12–51.54; p = 0.041) although it did not affect TEWL. UPSW use significantly improved the subjects' skin condition, as reflected in an overall increase in the assessment scores. Conclusions UPSW improved SCH and the condition of hand skin. Prolonged USPW use may increase nurses' comfort during work and hand hygiene compliance.

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Improved effect of ultra‐pure soft water on skin water content in older adults

Cited by 2 publications

References 9 publications

The effect of water hardness on atopic eczema, skin barrier function: A systematic review, meta‐analysis

The effect of water hardness on atopic eczema, skin barrier function: A systematic review, meta‐analysis

Effects of ultra‐pure soft water on the hands of nurses in a neonatal intensive care unit: A randomized crossover study

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