“…A simple MA introduces a local search phase into a GA after crossover and mutation have been performed during the evolutionary process. Since their emergence, MAs and subsequent variants of MAs have been applied to a wide variety of problems, including educational timetabling [2,10,56,60,59], multi-objective optimisation problems [31,24], permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) design [11], Optimal Placement of PMUs [37], permutation flow shop scheduling [28], the economic load dispatch problem [51,52], protein folding [33], HIV therapy design [44], the quadratic assignment problem [39] and the travelling salesman problem [42,5,26]. As well as the application of MAs to practical optimisation problems, a number of studies have sought to understand the concepts underpinning MAs and the behaviour of memes [34].…”