Improved Filtration Technology for Pathogen Reduction in Rural Water Supplies

Tellen, Valentine; Nkeng, George Elambo; Dentel, Steven K.

doi:10.3390/w2020285

Cited by 34 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…An established way to improve the efficiency of a BSF is to amend it with metallic elements (Al 0 , Fe 0 , Zn 0 ) [126,130,131,189,[193][194][195]. Depending on the intrinsic reactivity of the used Fe 0 , the extent of water contamination, the size of the filter, and water flow velocity, a relative small volumetric Fe 0 ratio (e.g., <10%) could yield efficient long-term water treatment.…”

Section: Calling For Co-developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Making Fe0-Based Filters a Universal Solution for Safe Drinking Water Provision

et al. 2017

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Metallic iron (Fe 0 )-based filtration systems have the potential to significantly contribute to the achievement of the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of substantially improving the human condition by 2030 through the provision of clean water. Recent knowledge on Fe 0 -based safe drinking water filters is addressed herein. They are categorized into two types: Household and community filters. Design criteria are recalled and operational details are given. Scientists are invited to co-develop knowledge enabling the exploitation of the great potential of Fe 0 filters for sustainable safe drinking water provision (and sanitation).

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Section: Calling For Co-developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The BSF is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for decentralized water treatment in the developing world. Efforts to optimize the efficiency of biosand filters are undergoing [30,57,[186][187][188][189][190][191][192].…”

Section: Calling For Co-developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Making Fe0-Based Filters a Universal Solution for Safe Drinking Water Provision

et al. 2017

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“…Generally, total coliform and Escherichia coli removal efficiency by biosand filtration method might be due to the biological layer formed on the top of the filter. Tellen et al (2010) report that after 65 days, average percentage reductions in total coliform, feacal coliform and fecal streptococci were 98.9% for traditional biosand filters and 99% for the improved biosand filters. The study further reported that both modifications showed statistically significant improvements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Household Water Treatment Technologies For Microbial Removal in Kabale District, Southwestern Uganda

Saturday¹

2016

JEHS

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“…The remarkable efficiency of 3-Kolsi filters has prompted researchers to further develop the system for improved sustainability [9,10,31,[34][35][36][37]. The best product is the SONO arsenic filter in which the 100 % Fe 0 layer is replaced by a proprietary porous Fe 0 -based material (termed as Composite Iron Material -CIM) [32,33].…”

Section: Metallic Iron For Household Filtersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dimensioning metallic iron beds for efficient contaminant removal

Noubactep¹,

Caré

2010

Chemical Engineering Journal

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Remediation of contaminated groundwater is an expensive and lengthy process. (ii) used Fe 0 amounts must represent 30 to 60 vol-% of the mixture, and (iii) Fe 0 beds are deep-bed filtration systems. The major output of this study is that thicker barriers are needed for long service life. Fe 0 filters for save drinking water production should use several filters in series to achieve the treatment goal. In all cases proper material selection is an essential issue. [5][6][7][8], and (ii) as reagents to assist biofiltration in household filters [3,9,10]. The fundamental process responsible for contaminant removal in both contexts is necessarily the oxidative dissolution of Fe 0 (iron corrosion) which may be coupled with contaminant reduction (reactive walls) or the subsequent precipitation of iron hydroxides which may be coupled with contaminant adsorption and co-precipitation (household filters).Adsorption, co-precipitation and chemical transformations (oxidation and/or reduction) are not mutually exclusive [11][12][13]. It is obvious that in household filters and reactive walls, a synergy between these three processes is responsible for expected and observed decontamination. Moreover, these processes proceed in the inter-granular porosity of the packed beds which are made up of Fe 0 (100 %) or a mixture of Fe 0 and an inert material (e.g. gravel, pumice, sand) [2,14]. Because of the volumetric expansive nature of the process of iron corrosion [15], the porosity of the filtrating systems certainly decreases with increasing service life, possibly yielding complete permeability loss system (filter clogging) [16,17]. The filling of the pore volume by corrosion products is necessarily coupled with improved size exclusion capacity. Therefore, a fourth mechanism for decontamination in packed Fe 0 beds is The concept that contaminants are fundamentally removed by adsorption and co-precipitation is consistent with many experimental observations which remained non-elucidated by the reductive transformation concept [11,12]. Although researchers are continuing to maintain the validity of the latter concept [24][25][26], the new concept was validated [27,28] and has been independently verified [29,30]. As a matter of course the concept of adsorption/co- Metallic iron for household filtersWhile using slow sand filtration for water treatment in rural Bangladesh, it was observed that the filter efficiency for arsenic removal depends on the iron content of natural waters. Arsenic was readily removed from Fe-rich natural waters. Accordingly, Fe 0 is used "to provide a constant input of iron (soluble or surface precipitate) for groundwater low in soluble iron"[32]. The very efficient resulting filter for As removal was the 3-Kolsi filter [10,33]. A typical 3-Kolsi filter contained a layer of about 3 kg Fe 0 (100 % Fe 0 ). However, the 3-Kolsi filter was not sustainable as it clogged after some 8 weeks of operation [3,34].The remarkable efficiency of 3-Kolsi filters has prompted researchers to further develop the system fo...

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Improved Filtration Technology for Pathogen Reduction in Rural Water Supplies

Cited by 34 publications

References 26 publications

Making Fe0-Based Filters a Universal Solution for Safe Drinking Water Provision

Making Fe0-Based Filters a Universal Solution for Safe Drinking Water Provision

Household Water Treatment Technologies For Microbial Removal in Kabale District, Southwestern Uganda

Dimensioning metallic iron beds for efficient contaminant removal

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