Improved flame retardancy of epoxy resin composites modified with a low additive content of silica-microencapsulated phosphazene flame retardant

Qu, Lijie; Sui, Yanlong; Zhang, Chunyu; Dai, Xueyan; Li, Peihong; Sun, Guoen; Jin, Xiaochao; Fang, Daining

doi:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104485

Cited by 49 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Furthermore, the fire performance index (FPI, the ratio of pHRR and TTI) and fire growth index (FGI, the ratio of pHRR and t pHRR ) are calculated to evaluate the fire safety performance of the EP composites more reasonably. Generally speaking, a material with superior fire safety performance should have a high FPI value and a low FGR value 28 . As represented in Table 7, the FPI value of EP/MAHP increased from 3.9 of pure EP, 7.5 of EP/AHP and 6.0 of EP/AHP/SHELL to 7.8, and FGI value decreased from 7.3 of pure EP, 4.0 of EP/AHP and 4.9 of EP/AHP/SHELL to 3.1, demonstrating that it has excellent fire safety performance.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally speaking, a material with superior fire safety performance should have a high FPI value and a low FGR value. 28 As represented in Abbreviations: FGI, fire growth index; FPI, fire performance index; pHRR, peak heat release rate; pSPR, peak smoke production rate; t pHRR , time to pHRR; THR, total heat release; TSR, total smoke release; TTI, time to ignition. EP/AHP and 4.9 of EP/AHP/SHELL to 3.1, demonstrating that it has excellent fire safety performance.…”

Section: Cone Calorimeter Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The peaks at 3054 and 1339 cm −1 are attributed to the release of aromatic compounds. 28 The peaks around 2972 cm −1 correspond to saturated hydrocarbon compounds containing CH 2 and CH 3 . 35 The peaks at 1500-1660 cm −1 were attributed to the release of NH 3 , NO, and NO 2 in side chain fracture.…”

Section: Tg-ir Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation and characterization of microencapsulated aluminum hypophosphite and its performance on the thermal, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties of epoxy resin

et al. 2021

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A novel microcapsule flame retardant microencapsulated aluminum hypophosphite (MAHP) was introduced. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize the shell material on the surface of MAHP. The water contact angle (WCA) experiments show that the WCA of MAHP (71.4) is significantly larger than that of aluminum hypophosphite (34.4). And the interfacial free energy between MAHP and epoxy resin (EP) is only 7.89 mJ/ m 2 , which results in good compatibility with EP. The results from differential scanning calorimeter test indicate that the addition of MAHP can improve the heat resistance of EP matrix. Thermogravimetric (TG) tests show that EP/MAHP has the largest amount of residue (32.03 wt%). The combustion behaviors of flame-retardant EP (FR-EP) composites were evaluated by limiting oxygen index, UL-94, and cone calorimetry. The results show that the microencapsulation to AHP in this study can significantly improve the flame retardancy of EP. Thermogravimetric infrared analysis was used to investigate the gas-phase products. Surface morphology and structure of char residues of EP and FR-EP was also studied. The carbon layer became quite dense and continuous when MAHP was added. On the premise of improving the flame retardancy, the mechanical properties of the material are retained. The tensile strength and bending strength of EP/MAHP-3 were 23.98 and 50.75 MPa, respectively.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cone Calorimeter Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation and characterization of microencapsulated aluminum hypophosphite and its performance on the thermal, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties of epoxy resin

et al. 2021

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“…Among these, phosphorus-based compounds are more effective and compatible with thermoplastics resins and thermoplastic polymers. In some specific flame retardants, promotional effects occur when combinations of P-N, P-Si, and N-Si compounds are used [ 112 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 ]. In many cases, the use of reactive co-monomers is preferred since epoxy resins flame-retarded with conventional additives have poorer physical properties than unmodified ones [ 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 ].…”

Section: Types Of Flame Retardantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire-Safe Polymer Composites: Flame-Retardant Effect of Nanofillers

Kim¹,

Lee

Yoon

2021

Polymers

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Currently, polymers are competing with metals and ceramics to realize various material characteristics, including mechanical and electrical properties. However, most polymers consist of organic matter, making them vulnerable to flames and high-temperature conditions. In addition, the combustion of polymers consisting of different types of organic matter results in various gaseous hazards. Therefore, to minimize the fire damage, there has been a significant demand for developing polymers that are fire resistant or flame retardant. From this viewpoint, it is crucial to design and synthesize thermally stable polymers that are less likely to decompose into combustible gaseous species under high-temperature conditions. Flame retardants can also be introduced to further reinforce the fire performance of polymers. In this review, the combustion process of organic matter, types of flame retardants, and common flammability testing methods are reviewed. Furthermore, the latest research trends in the use of versatile nanofillers to enhance the fire performance of polymeric materials are discussed with an emphasis on their underlying action, advantages, and disadvantages.

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“…27 Unfortunately, the mostly used surfactants such as silanes, organic acids, anhydrides and isocyanates may bring negative effects to flame retardancy. [28][29][30] In this work, BF was surface modified by diammonium phosphate (DAP), which containing both organic groups and flame retardant elements. 31 It was expected that both the interfacial interaction and flame retardant efficiency could be improved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface modification of bamboo fibers by diammonium phosphate and their applications in flame retardant thermoplastic polyurethane

Liu

Han

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Bamboo fibers (BF) were used as charring agent in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), together with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to prepare intumescent flame retardant composites. In order to improve the dispersibility and flame retardant efficiency, BF was grafted with diammonium phosphate (DAP), named as modified bamboo fibers (M-BF). By the presence of 8 wt% APP and 2 wt% M-BF, the sample could achieve the maximal limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 30.5% and V-0 rating in UL-94 test. The peak heat release rate for TPU/8APP/2 M-BF is 190 kW/m 2 , which is 86.0% lower than that of neat TPU. Besides, TPU/8APP/2 M-BF sample presented a tensile strength of 23.0 MPa, which was slightly lower than neat TPU sample. The thermogravimetric analysis for TPU composites and the morphology observation of the char demonstrated that APP and M-BF took effects on condensed phase through promoting the formation of intumescent char structure and free radical trapping. Meanwhile, it could release inert gases in gas phase. Therefore, M-BF exhibited great potential in applying as renewable charring agent for alleviating the depletion of petroleum resources.

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Improved flame retardancy of epoxy resin composites modified with a low additive content of silica-microencapsulated phosphazene flame retardant

Cited by 49 publications

References 47 publications

Preparation and characterization of microencapsulated aluminum hypophosphite and its performance on the thermal, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties of epoxy resin

Preparation and characterization of microencapsulated aluminum hypophosphite and its performance on the thermal, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties of epoxy resin

Fire-Safe Polymer Composites: Flame-Retardant Effect of Nanofillers

Surface modification of bamboo fibers by diammonium phosphate and their applications in flame retardant thermoplastic polyurethane

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