Improved Identification and Differentiation of Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Wild-Type Strains and an Attenuated Varicella Vaccine Strain Using a VZV Open Reading Frame 62-Based PCR

Loparev, Vladimir N.; Argaw, Takele; Krause, Philip R.; Takayama, Michiko; Schmid, Daniela

doi:10.1128/jcm.38.9.3156-3160.2000

Cited by 110 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The earliest relied on geographical markers to distinguish the Japanese Oka strain from wild type US and European types [LaRussa et al, 1992]. More recently, SNPs, which have been shown to be present in vaccine and not in wild type viruses, have been described [Gomi et al, 2000;Loparev et al, 2000;Takayama and Takayama, 2004]. The stability of these SNPs has been demonstrated for up to five virus passages in tissue culture [Gomi et al, 2000;Takayama and Takayama, 2004].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Restriction enzyme cleavage analysis of the Pst1 site in ORF 38, Bgl1 site in ORF 54, and the BssHII and Nae1 sites in ORF 62 were performed using primers published previously (Table I). PCR amplification of the Sma1 site described by Loparev et al [2000] and the Alu1 site described by Takayama and Takayama [2004] was Primers used were previously published by Hawrami and Breuer [1997]. c Primers used were previously published by Hawrami and Breuer [1997].…”

Section: Polymerase Chain Reaction (Pcr) Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The differences reflect geographical variation between the Japanese vOka and non-Japanese strains, and these markers do not distinguish vOka from its parent wild type virus or from other wild type Japanese strains [Takada et al, 1995]. More recently, mutations in vOka which create Sma1 [Loparev et al, 2000], Nae1, and BssHII [Gomi et al, 2000] restriction enzyme cleavage sites in ORF 62 and a substitution in ORF 6, which abolishes an Alu1 site [Takayama and Takayama, 2004], have been described. All four have been shown to differentiate the Biken preparation of Oka vaccine, which is used in Japan, from parental Oka and other wild type Japanese viruses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An evaluation of single nucleotide polymorphisms used to differentiate vaccine and wild type strains of varicella‐zoster virus

Quinlivan¹,

Gershon

Steinberg

et al. 2004

Journal of Medical Virology

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Rashes following immunization with the vaccine strain (vOka) of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) may occur in up to 5% of children and 10% of adults. In 40% of cases, the causative virus is the vaccine strain and in 60% wild type virus is found. Several reports have identified three restriction site polymorphisms in ORF 62 and the loss of one in ORF 6, which differentiate vOka from wild type VZV, including the parental wild type strain from which vOka, is derived. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction enzyme analysis, and sequencing, we analyzed the presence of these markers in the GlaxoSmithKline (GSK, UK) and Merck vaccine preparations as well as in 15 vaccine virus rashes and 15 wild type UK viruses. Our data suggest that a Sma1 positive and an Nae1 positive site in ORF 62 are present in the GSK and Merck vaccine preparations and all vaccine virus rashes. By contrast, a BssHII positive vaccine virus restriction site in ORF 62 and an Alu1 negative site in ORF 6 were mixed in the GSK and Merck vaccines and absent in some of the vaccine rashes. The BssHII site was also present in the European wild type C viruses in UK. The data suggest that unlike the Biken vaccine preparation, the Merck and GSK vaccine preparations are polymorphic for the BssHII and Alu1 restriction sites. These sites are also present variably in the vaccine viruses causing rashes following vaccination, and are therefore unreliable markers for differentiating vOka and wild type VZV strains.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Polymerase Chain Reaction (Pcr) Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An evaluation of single nucleotide polymorphisms used to differentiate vaccine and wild type strains of varicella‐zoster virus

Quinlivan¹,

Gershon

Steinberg

et al. 2004

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…1 222-bp PCR product resulted in two fragments of 137-and 85-bp size. PCR was also carried out using oligonucleotide primer pairs specific of the ORF 62 according to the method described previously [Loparev et al, 2000;Sauerbrei et al, 2003b]. Amplified DNA fragments with a size of 268 bp visualized by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis were digested subsequently by the endonuclease SmaI and the generated fragments were differentiated electrophoretically in a 4% agarose gel.…”

Section: Polymerase Chain Reaction and Restriction Fragment Length Pomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main disadvantage of this technique is that it fails to distinguish Oka wildtype from vaccine strains. This appears to be possible by the analysis of a base substitution of C for T in ORF 62 position 2872, which changes a glycine in the parental strain to an arginine at position 958 in Oka vaccine strains Loparev et al, 2000]. This marker has been shown to be stable and can be used confidently to identify vaccine virus rashes irrespective of the original vaccine preparation used [Sauerbrei et al, 2003a;Quinlivan et al, 2005].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different genotype pattern of varicella‐zoster virus obtained from patients with varicella and zoster in Germany

Sauerbrei

Wutzler

2007

Journal of Medical Virology

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The general use of the varicella vaccine requires the surveillance of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) strains in patients infected with VZV. This paper reports the data achieved from a prospective study of genotyping VZV in Germany, analyzing the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the open reading frames (ORF) 38, 54, and 62 as well as the polymorphism of the R5 repeat region. The study included 177 patients with varicella. Seventy-eight patients with zoster served as controls. Results revealed that 78% of VZV strains in patients with varicella had the genetic profile of the dominant wild-genotype occurring in Europe and 22% had the markers of African or Asian strains. Varicella patients with the profile of African or Asian strains were significantly younger than patients with varicella caused by the dominant genotype. By contrast, all zoster patients exhibited strains representing the majority of wild-type strains in Europe. In conclusion, VZV strains from patients with varicella have a significantly higher genetic variability than viral strains from zoster patients. Since variants with the markers of African or Asian strains could only be found in young children with chickenpox, the results suggest a changing scene of VZV genotypes in Germany. As reasons, the spread of viruses, which may be imported originally by persons immigrating from warmer climates, or the recombination between wild-and vaccine-type viruses have to be considered.

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Varicella-zoster virus isolates, but not the vaccine strain OKA, induce sensitivity to alpha-1 and beta-1 adrenergic stimulation of sensory neurones in culture

et al. 2003

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The reactivation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) from its persistent state in sensory neurones causes shingles and induces severe, long-lasting pain and hyperalgesia that often lead to postherpetic neuralgia. To investigate the VZV-induced neuropathic changes, we established conditions for the active infection of sensory neurones from rat dorsal root ganglia in vitro. After 2 days of culture, up to 50% of the cells expressed viral antigens of the immediate-early and late replication phase. The intracellular calcium ion concentration was monitored in individual cells by microfluorimetry. Whereas the calcium response to capsaicin was preserved, the VZV-infected neurones gained an unusual sensitivity to noradrenaline stimulation in contrast to non-infected cells. The adrenergic agonists phenylephrine and isoproterenol had a similar efficacy demonstrating that both alpha(1)- and beta(1)-adrenoreceptors were involved. The sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation was observed after infection with different wildtype isolates, but not with the attenuated vaccine strain OKA. The lack of noradrenaline sensitivity of vaccine-infected neurones demands a structural comparison of wildtype and vaccine viruses with and without phenotype. A partial sequence evaluation (26 kb) of the European OKA vaccine strain surprisingly revealed a series of nucleotide exchanges in comparison to presumably identical OKA strains from other sources, although VZV is generally considered genetically stable. In summary, we report that the infection with wildtype VZV isolates, but not with the vaccine strain, induces noradrenaline sensitivity in sensory neurones, which correlates with clinical and experimental observations of adrenergic effects involved in VZV-induced neuralgia.

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Improved Identification and Differentiation of Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Wild-Type Strains and an Attenuated Varicella Vaccine Strain Using a VZV Open Reading Frame 62-Based PCR

Cited by 110 publications

References 25 publications

An evaluation of single nucleotide polymorphisms used to differentiate vaccine and wild type strains of varicella‐zoster virus

An evaluation of single nucleotide polymorphisms used to differentiate vaccine and wild type strains of varicella‐zoster virus

Different genotype pattern of varicella‐zoster virus obtained from patients with varicella and zoster in Germany

Varicella-zoster virus isolates, but not the vaccine strain OKA, induce sensitivity to alpha-1 and beta-1 adrenergic stimulation of sensory neurones in culture

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