Improved LC–MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Synthetic Phenol Antioxidants and Relevant Metabolites Making Use of Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization and a Trap Column

Du, Bibai; Li, Quan; Pan, Zibin; Zhang, Yun; Xie, Ruiman; Luo, Dan; Zeng, Lixi

doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.0c01013

Cited by 11 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Previous studies have identified high concentrations of AOs in plastic-containing products. , A recent study using nontargeted analysis identified AO168 and tris(2,4-di- tert -butylphenyl) phosphate (AO168O) in face masks . Although previous studies have identified some AOs in both human matrices (urine, , serum, , milk, and fingernails) and environmental ones (indoor dust, − air particulates, , sludge, , soil, sediment, and water), there is very little information about whether single-use face masks may act as a source of AOs. In this study, we selected as target chemicals 15 SPAs, five OPAs, and five corresponding OPA oxidation products that have previously been detected in commercial products and environmental matrices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-Use Face Masks as a Potential Source of Synthetic Antioxidants to the Environment

Liu

Mabury

2021

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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Single-use face masks are a powerful tool for reducing the spread of COVID-19. The usage of single-use face masks has increased enormously since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, and pollution from the huge volume of discarded single-use face masks may become an environmental issue. This study focuses on synthetic antioxidants (AOs), including synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) and organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs), used in single-use three-layer face masks. Both SPAs and OPAs were detected in single-use face masks, with total concentrations ranging from 20.0 to 575 μg/g (median of 175 μg/g). The dominant congeners detected in the face masks were tris(2,4-di-tertbutylphenyl) phosphite (AO168, median of 83.2 μg/g), tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (AO168O, median of 72.9 μg/g), and pentaerythritol tetrakis [3-(3,5-di-tertbutyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate] (AO1010, median of 13.7 μg/g). No significant concentration difference was observed between medical and nonmedical face masks. Among the three different layers of the face masks, the middle layers showed the highest AO concentrations. On the basis of the median concentrations detected, we estimate that 1084 tons of AOs is used in face masks annually, suggesting that discarded face masks may be a source of AOs to the environment. This is the first study to report the occurrence of a wide range of AOs in face masks.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-Use Face Masks as a Potential Source of Synthetic Antioxidants to the Environment

Liu

Mabury

2021

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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“…Because synthetic antioxidants are not covalently bonded to polymeric materials, their release from polymers into the ambient environment can easily occur during the production, use, recycling, and disposal of these polymeric products. , A series of previous studies identified the environmental occurrence of and human exposure to multiple low-molecular weight (LMW) SPAs . These LMW SPAs, as exemplified by 2,6-di- tert -butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT), have been widely detected in various environmental media (air, dust, soil, water, sediment, and sludge) − and human specimens (blood, breast milk, urine, and fingernail), − which revealed a picture of widespread environmental pollution and exposure to these LMW SPAs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Massive Emissions of a Broad Range of Emerging Hindered Phenol Antioxidants and Sulfur Antioxidants from E-Waste Recycling in Urban Mining: New Insights into an Environmental Source

Zhu

Pan

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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To recognize new pollution caused by synthetic antioxidants in the environment, a wide range of 18 emerging hindered phenol antioxidants (HPAs) and 6 emerging sulfur antioxidants (SAs) were investigated, for the first time, through a dedicated target screening in representative e-waste recycling indoor work environments. All 18 emerging HPAs and 6 emerging SAs were detected in 45 e-waste dust samples collected from different categories of recycling workshops. Of the 24 detected target antioxidants, 22 were first reported in e-waste dust and 9 were newly identified in the environment. Pentaerythritol tetrakis-[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)] propionate (Irganox 1010), octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate (Irganox 1076), and triethylene glycol bis(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl) propionate (Irganox 245) were the most abundant antioxidants, with median levels of 1560−4700 ng/g, comparable to or higher than those of other e-waste pollutants. Significantly positive or negative correlations were observed among these "novel" antioxidants, indicating that they have similar or competitive uses in electronic products. Waste wires and cables and waste electronic plastics were identified as the two main sources of emission of HPAs to the indoor environments during e-waste recycling. Our findings raise the need for further investigations of the environmental behavior, fate, and risks of these widely used but rarely evaluated "novel" antioxidants.

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“…2,30 The LC−MS/ MS system consisted of ExionLC AC ultrafast LC interfaced with a Triple Quad 5500 mass spectrometer (…”

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confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Novel and Traditional Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants in Baby Food from China: A Dominant Pathway for Infant Exposure

Liang

Pan

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are a group of ubiquitous contaminants with multiple toxicities. However, current knowledge on the occurrence of SPAs in baby food and associated infant exposure is lacking. Herein, we analyzed three categories of baby food from China: infant formula, cereal, and puree, for a broad suite of 11 traditional and 19 novel SPAs. In addition to 11 traditional SPAs, up to 13 novel SPAs were detected in the baby food samples. The median concentrations of novel SPAs for infant formula, cereal, and puree were 604, 218, and 24.1 ng/g, respectively, surpassing those of traditional SPAs (53.4, 62.1, and 10.0 ng/g). The prevalent SPAs in the samples were butylated hydroxytoluene, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, pentaerythritol tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate] (AO 1010), and octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate (AO 1076). Source analysis indicated that the prevalence of these four SPAs in baby food was associated with contamination of packaging materials, mechanical processing, or raw ingredients. Migration experiments demonstrated that contamination of plastic packaging constituted an important source. Exposure assessment suggested that there may be no appreciable health risk posed by the SPAs in baby food. Even so, baby food consumption was still a dominant pathway for infant exposure to SPAs, with a higher contribution than breast milk consumption, dust ingestion, dermal dust absorption, and air inhalation, which requires special attention.

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Improved LC–MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Synthetic Phenol Antioxidants and Relevant Metabolites Making Use of Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization and a Trap Column

Cited by 11 publications

References 43 publications

Single-Use Face Masks as a Potential Source of Synthetic Antioxidants to the Environment

Single-Use Face Masks as a Potential Source of Synthetic Antioxidants to the Environment

Massive Emissions of a Broad Range of Emerging Hindered Phenol Antioxidants and Sulfur Antioxidants from E-Waste Recycling in Urban Mining: New Insights into an Environmental Source

Prevalence of Novel and Traditional Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants in Baby Food from China: A Dominant Pathway for Infant Exposure

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