“…(Xu et al, 2017). 3D printing sensors have been achieved by several methods such as fused filament fabrication (FFF) (Alsharari et al, 2018;Dawoud et al, 2018), direct ink writing (DIW) (Muth et al, 2014), stereolithography (SLA) , laminated object manufacturing (LOM) , selective laser sintering (SLS) (Ambrosi et al, 2016), photopolymer jetting (Polyjet) (Laszczak et al, 2015), and binder jetting (3DP) (Rivadeneyra et al, 2015). The frequently used conductive fillers for strain sensing applications are metal nanoparticles [e.g., silver , copper (Credi et al, 2016;Saleh et al, 2019), and Ti/Au (Cho et al, 2015)] and carbon-based fillers [e.g., carbon nanotubes (CNT) (Czyżewski et al, 2009;Bautista-Quijano et al, 2010;Oliva-Avilés et al, 2011;Pedrazzoli et al, 2012a;Zhao et al, 2013;Georgousis et al, 2015), carbon nanofibre (Pedrazzoli et al, 2012a), graphene (Moriche et al, 2016a,b;Alsharari et al, 2018), and carbon black (Dawoud et al, 2018;Zhao et al, 2018)].…”