The predominant carotenoid in prawn tissues is astaxanthin (Axn) and its role in pigmentation has been well studied. However, the effects of dietary Axn on other prawn physiological performance measures are uncertain and dietary carotenoid uptake and tissue deposition are poorly understood. This study fed juvenile prawns (Penaeus monodon) diets that contained 0, 25, 50 or 100 mg kg -1 Axn for 6 weeks. Animals fed carotenoid free diets had significantly reduced growth than those fed carotenoids, but survival was unaffected. Carotenoid uptake (digestibility) improved as dietary carotenoid levels increased, and was 98.5% in animals fed 100 mg kg -1 Axn. After 6 weeks, whole body carotenoid levels were significantly depleted in 0 or 25 mg kg -1 fed animals, compared with those fed 50 or 100 mg kg -1 . Specific fatty acid esters of Axn accumulated in epithelial tissue, with mono-esters enriched saturated fatty acids, while di-esters were enriched with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. These data suggest a minimum dietary requirement of 25 mg kg -1 Axn in clear water systems to maintain growth performance, and 50 mg kg -1 or more to avoid depletion of body carotenoid levels and improve efficiency of utilisation. These results also implicate specific fatty acids in the function of carotenoid esters within prawn tissues.