1987
DOI: 10.1007/bf02370401
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Improved methods of estimating root length using a photocopier, a light box and a bar code reader

Abstract: Photocopying was found to be a rapid method of making a permanent record of a root sample. The method used produced a copy with white roots against a black background.Manual estimates of root length were made from photocopies using a light box. The number of intersections visible when laid over a copy of a white on black regular square grid was counted. Automated estimates of root length were made by scanning a photocopy with a bar code reader in place of a pen in a computer-driven graph plotter. Roots > 0.2 m… Show more

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Cited by 10 publications
(8 citation statements)
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“…Unwanted organic debris may constitute a problem in images with dark or stained roots on a white background (Ottman and Timm, 1984;Voorhees et al, 1980;Wilhelm et al, 1983). Measuring white roots on a black background (Collins et al, 1987) leads to underestimation of the length of relatively dark coloured root pieces.…”
Section: Root Imagementioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Unwanted organic debris may constitute a problem in images with dark or stained roots on a white background (Ottman and Timm, 1984;Voorhees et al, 1980;Wilhelm et al, 1983). Measuring white roots on a black background (Collins et al, 1987) leads to underestimation of the length of relatively dark coloured root pieces.…”
Section: Root Imagementioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, strict guidelines have to be followed to reduce inaccuracy, and to improve standardization (Tennant, 1975). In (semi-) automatic line-intersection methods (Collins et al, 1987;Richards et al, 1979;Rowse and Phillips, 1974;Wilhelm et al, 1983) spreading is also required, but the scanning of an image is usually much faster. Costigan et al (1982) described a method for measuring length and number of lateral and sublateral roots by tracing roots on a digitizing tablet.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For example, the measurement of 3.43 m of roots took 24 min using the line intercept method, whereas 67 min were required with the manual method (Newman, 1966). Scanner‐based, computer‐assisted image analysis has made the measurement of root characteristics faster, more accurate, and less subjective than previous methods (Collins et al, 1987; Cunningham et al, 1989; Stutte et al, 1995; Box, 1996). Despite these technological advances in root study, root length measurement is still time consuming, mainly because of the potentially great length of a single root system.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Computer‐assisted electronic image analyses have made root analysis less time‐consuming and allowed more accurate and less subjective measurement of root characteristics than the human eye is capable of making (Collins et al, 1987; Cunningham et al, 1989; Stutte and Stryjewski, 1995; Box, 1996). Electronic methods can be categorized according to the image acquisition system used: (i) video camera (Ottman and Timm, 1984; Cunningham et al, 1989) or (ii) optical scanner (Arsenault et al, 1995; Kaspar and Ewing, 1997).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%