“…However, whereas tanh(λ k,l /2) = E [d k,l |r k ] is the exact conditional expectation of a given transmitted symbol derived from the LLR ratio of a symbol, tanh(d k,l ) in the FEC-free loop has no such direct interpretation, and is an ad hoc measure that takes note of the fact that d k,l ∈ (±1). The performance of this non-linearity in the feedback loop has not been explored in much detail, but a certain improvement in performance has been observed [25], [13], [9].…”