“…In recent years, extensive research works have proposed many computational and storage QCA-based circuits such as arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) [12]- [14], counters [15]- [17], multipliers [18], [19], nano-sensor data processors [20] and adders and substractors [21]- [23]. Evidently, the diversity of QCA-based logic and memory structures is introducing QCA technology as an important candidate for future computing systems.…”