A critical concern in performing hepatectomy for tumor resection is determining the boundaries of resection and identifying any additional lesions. Obtaining negative margins has a direct impact on disease-free survival in patients (1). The main goal is to remove neoplastic tissue while sparing sufficient normal parenchyma and preserving organ function. Deciding the location of margins in resection for liver neoplasms is based on the location of tumor. Crosssectional imaging modalities localize the lesion and assist in pre-operative planning, but once in the operating room, the surgeon must rely on visual inspection and tactile feedback along with anatomic knowledge to localize and resect the tumor. In the setting of laparoscopic surgery, this becomes limited as bimanual palpation is no longer possible and tactile feedback becomes limited. This becomes even more so in the setting of robotic surgery as tactile feedback is absent and the surgeon must rely only on visual cues.The use of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging technology in the operating room has greatly advanced real time intra-operative imaging and target identification. Indocyanine green (ICG), a dye traditionally used for fundoscopy and estimations of cardiac and hepatic function, is a fluorophore that emits a fluorescence signal when excited with near infrared light (750-810 nm) (2). The dye binds to plasma albumin and has been used intra-operatively to evaluate graft perfusion, aneurysm clipping, and lymphatic mapping. ICG undergoes hepatic metabolism and is excreted by hepatocytes into the biliary tract after approximately 6 h. Due to the impaired biliary excretion of hepatic malignancies compared to normal hepatocytes, ICG is preferentially retained in or around these lesions over time, allowing surgeons to visualize the fluorescent signal and identify the tumor over the liver (3).For patients undergoing pre-operative ICG hepatic function testing several days before surgery, surface hepatic lesions can be visualized with a positive fluorescence signal. There is sufficient contrast as the ICG is retained at the lesions and ICG in the surrounding normal hepatocytes will have been excreted out in the biliary tract. The dye is versatile in that it can additionally be used as an angiographic agent when injected into portal vasculature, similar to indigo-carmine or methylene blue (4). Rather than the quick washout of the traditional dyes, the NIR signal from ICG persists throughout the surgical procedure, allowing for continued image guidance. Positive segmental staining can be obtained by selective portal vein injection while negative segmental staining can be obtained by intravenous injection during selective portal clamping. Realtime intra-operative selective segmental staining, along with contrasted-target identification, allows surgeons to more effectively resect hepatic neoplasms.In the article titled "Applications of fusion-fluorescence imaging using indocyanine green in laparoscopic hepatectomy," Terasawa et al. describe the use of ICG-fl...