Improved Sensitivity in the Thermal Investigation of Polymeric Nanophases by Measuring the Resonance Frequency Shift using an Atomic Force Microscope

Meincken, Martina; Balk, L.J.; Sanderson, Ronald D.

doi:10.1002/1439-2054(20010701)286:7<412::aid-mame412>3.0.co;2-v

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Depending on their degree of freedom and mobility, the molecules respond to this excitation by absorbing energy and hence causing a change in the cantilever resonance frequency. As the temperature can be controlled, this permits to determine the thermal properties of the sample such as the glass transition, melting, or crystallization temperatures [126][127][128]. Based on this method, the glass transition appears as a plateau in the linearly decreasing frequency curves [127,128].…”

Section: Scanning Probe Microscopysupporting

confidence: 87%

“…These instruments include atomic force microscopes (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopes (STM) [20]. Although the initial use of AFM was to provide resolution on 3D surface topographic images, several techniques have been developed to measure other surface properties of materials such as viscoelasticity, mechanical, and thermomechanical properties [22,50,70,81,126,127,144,152,191,202].…”

Section: Scanning Probe Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review on Methods and Theories to Describe the Glass Transition Phenomenon: Applications in Food and Pharmaceutical Products

2009

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Given the complexity in composition and the various environmental conditions to which foods and pharmaceuticals are exposed during processing and storage, stability, functionality, and quality are key attributes that deserve careful attention. Quality and stability of foods and pharmaceuticals are mainly affected by environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and time, and for processing conditions (e.g., shear, pressure) under which they may undergo physical and chemical transformations. Glass transition is a key phenomenon which is useful to understand how external conditions affect physical changes on materials. Consequently, theories that predict and describe the glass transition phenomenon are of a great interest not only for the food industry but also it extends to the pharmaceutical and polymer industries. It is important to emphasize that the materials of relevance in these industries are interchangeably sharing similar issues on functionality and their association with the glass transition phenomenon. Development of new materials and understanding the physicochemical behavior of existing ones require a scientific foundation that translates into safe and high-quality foods, improved quality of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals with lower risk to patients, and functional efficacy of polymers used in food and medicinal products. This review addresses the glass transition phenomenon from a kinetics and thermodynamics standpoint by presenting existing models that are able to estimate the glass transition temperature. It also explores traditional and novel methods used for the characterization of the glass transition phenomenon.

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Section: Scanning Probe Microscopysupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Scanning Probe Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Methods and Theories to Describe the Glass Transition Phenomenon: Applications in Food and Pharmaceutical Products

2009

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“…The most common bulk methods include differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), differential thermal scanning analysis, dynamical mechanical analysis, dynamical mechanical thermal analysis, and thermo mechanical analysis (TMA) 25. Various modes of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) have been used to study thermal properties of polymer films, including hot‐stage and scanning thermal microscopy,26–39 friction (lateral) force microscopy,40–42 shear‐modulated scanning force microscopy,43, 44 force‐distance measurements,45 scanning local acceleration microscopy,46 and detection of the resonance frequency of an SPM probe oscillating just above a heated sample 47–50…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal analysis and topographical characterization of films of styrene‐butadiene blends

Ihalainen

Backfolk

Sirviö

et al. 2008

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) was used to study the thermal characteristics of latex films consisting of blends of two different styrene-butadiene copolymers with different glass transition temperatures (T g ). The resonance frequency (x) and the quality factor (Q p ) of an SPM probe oscillating above the sample surface were determined at different probe temperatures (T p ). Thermal transitions associated with a change in heat capacity were observed in the Dx-T p curves. The results were compared with differential scanning calorimetry measurements. The very slow heating rate used in the SPM method effectively eliminated the contribution of volumetric changes of the films around T g . Annealing of the samples in an oven did not influence the thermal transitions observed in the Dx-T p curves. The SPM method also enabled a novel approach for determining transition-induced dimensional changes (vertical contraction, expansion) of the films. Annealing was found to increase the dimensional stability of the blend films. The latex blends were also annealed by the SPM probe and the film progressed from particulate phase morphology to a continuous phase.

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“…[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] A nanowire modified QTF can be used to measure the ultrahigh interlayer friction in multi-walled nanotubes or the stress change in the wire upon exposure to organic vapors by measuring the resonance frequency shift. [20][21][22][23] Compared with cantilevers and string resonators, 24,25 the QTFs have a significant advantage of self-sensing since the resonance frequency and Q factor of a QTF can be directly read out by means of its electrical conductance spectra with respect to the frequency of the external excitation source (dI/dV vs f), and therefore, requires no optics. QTFs can be easily implemented if operated in ultrahigh vacuum and temperatures.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quartz-enhanced conductance spectroscopy for nanomechanical analysis of polymer wire

Zheng

Yin

et al. 2015

Applied Physics Letters

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Quartz-enhanced conductance spectroscopy is developed as an analytical tool to investigate dynamic nanomechanical behaviors of polymer wires, in order to determine the glass transition temperature (T g ). A polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microwire with a diameter of 10 lm was bridged across the prongs of a quartz tuning fork (QTF). With the advantage of QTF self-sensing as compared with micro-cantilevers or other resonators, the resonance frequency and Q factor can be directly determined by means of its electrical conductance spectra with respect to the frequency of the external excitation source (dI/dV vs f), and therefore, no optical beam is required. The T g of the PMMA microwire was determined by the maximum loss modulus of the QTF, calculated from the resonance frequency and the Q factor as a function of temperature. The measured T g of the PMMA is 103 C with an error of 62 C. Both heating/cooling and physical aging experiments were carried out, demonstrating that the technique is both reversible and reproducible. V C 2015 AIP Publishing LLC. [http://dx.

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Improved Sensitivity in the Thermal Investigation of Polymeric Nanophases by Measuring the Resonance Frequency Shift using an Atomic Force Microscope

Cited by 8 publications

References 20 publications

A Review on Methods and Theories to Describe the Glass Transition Phenomenon: Applications in Food and Pharmaceutical Products

A Review on Methods and Theories to Describe the Glass Transition Phenomenon: Applications in Food and Pharmaceutical Products

Thermal analysis and topographical characterization of films of styrene‐butadiene blends

Quartz-enhanced conductance spectroscopy for nanomechanical analysis of polymer wire

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