Improved space-heating radiator model: Focus on set-back operation, radiator over-dimensioning, and add-on fans

Tol, Hakan İbrahim

doi:10.1007/s12273-019-0574-9

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In the transition towards 4GDH, this reduced capacity is exacerbated if the system is designed for high operating temperature, as in the UK, compared to those designed for lower operating temperatures, such as 3GDH. Further details about a radiator's heating capacity can be found in [79,80,112,144,145].…”

Section: Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges for the Transition to Low-Temperature Heat in the UK: A Review

2021

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To reach net-zero emissions by 2050, buildings in the UK need to replace natural gas boilers with heat pumps and district heating. These technologies are efficient at reduced flow/return temperatures, typically 55/25 °C, while traditional heating systems are designed for 82/71 °C, and an oversized heating system can help this temperature transition. This paper reviews how heating systems have been sized over time in the UK and the degree of oversizing in existing buildings. It also reviews if lessons from other countries can be applied to the UK’s building stock. The results show that methods to size a heating system have not changed over time, but the modern level of comfort, the retrofit history of buildings and the use of margin lead to the heating system being generally oversized. It is not possible to identify a specific trend by age, use or archetype. Buildings in Scandinavia have a nascent readiness for low-temperature heat as they can use it for most of the year without retrofit. Limitations come primarily from the faults and malfunctions of such systems. In the UK, it is estimated that 10% of domestic buildings would be ready for a supply temperature of 55 °C during extreme external conditions and more buildings at part-load operation. Lessons from Scandinavia should be considered with caution. The building stock in the UK generally underperforms compared to other EU buildings, with heating systems in the UK operating at higher temperatures and with night set-back; the importance of providing a low-return temperature does not exist in the UK despite being beneficial for condensing boiler operation. Sweden and Denmark started to develop district heating technologies with limitations to supply temperatures some 40 years ago whereas the UK is only just starting to consider similar measures in 2021. Recommendations for policy makers in this context have been drawn from this review in the conclusions.

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Section: Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges for the Transition to Low-Temperature Heat in the UK: A Review

2021

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“…As for space heating systems, several radiator models can be found in the literature. Tol (2020) investigated the effects of radiator characteristics and operational behaviour by the set-back operation via the thermostatic radiator valves, over-dimensioning of the radiator units. The same author also proposed a new integrated steady-state radiator model.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy analysis of a wood or pellet stove in a single-family house equipped with gas boiler and radiators

et al. 2022

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In the residential sector, biomass appliances are widely used for space heating and often combined with other systems. This work aims at comparing the final and primary energy consumption of different configurations, including a conventional and a ducted pellet stove and a wood log stove using air as heat transfer fluid. A dynamic analysis of the interaction between biomass stoves and conventional heating systems, such as gas boilers and radiators, is carried out within a typical single-family house in a mild climate, using TRNSYS software. In addition, natural ventilation of the building is considered using CONTAM, with a focus on external infiltrations and internal air circulation due to the buoyancy effect. Results show that the biomass device in one room promotes the airflows between adjacent thermal zones, enhancing the heat distribution through door openings, in particular when an air ducted stove is present. The final energy consumption resulting from simulations with wood-burning stoves is 21% higher than pellet stoves. The pellet stove results in similar final energy and a 30% increase in overall primary energy, while the wood stove increases the final energy by 22% and approximately 40% of overall primary energy compared to the case of a traditional gas system coupled to radiators which is considered as reference. Nevertheless, non-renewable primary energy savings are higher than 50% with pellet stoves and 60% with wood-log stoves.

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