“…Chaotic maps [26,27], orthogonal array [28], and new initialization methods [29,30] improve the convergence performance of the algorithms in the pre-iteration period by improving the initialization distribution of the population. Opposition-based learning [26,27,31], Laplace distribution [31][32][33], Lévy flight [34,35], comprehensive learning (CL) [36][37][38][39], and quadratic interpolation (QI) [40][41][42] are all improvement strategies that increase the diversity of the population and improve the ability of the algorithm to jump out of local optima. How to effectively improve the SO algorithm by using these improvement strategies to improve the convergence speed and optimality search results of the SO algorithm, and to ensure that the SO algorithm has a certain degree of robustness, is a challenge to be solved.…”