Improved vertical handover decision algorithm using ants' colonies with adaptive pheromone evaporation rate for 4th generation heterogeneous wireless networks

Handover detection approach based on trajectory data mining techniques

“…Jameel et al [11] proposed to minimise the number of unnecessary handovers in a two‐tier heterogeneous and dense cellular network. For the fourth generation heterogeneous wireless networks, Fachtali et al [12] proposed an improved handover algorithm based on an ant‐colony algorithm.…”