“…7 If there are multiple analysts making the EPS forecasts for a firm, we employ the average of their last available forecasts for annual EPS. In line with prior research on analyst forecast errors (Lang and Lundholm 1996;Das et al 1998;Lim 2001;Hong and Kubik 2003;Ke and Yu 2006;Dhaliwal et al 2012;Hao et al 2017;Bhandari et al 2018), we control for firm size (size), return volatility (retvol), stock price (price), abnormal stock returns (qtrret), pre-tax return on assets (roa), financial constraints (hp), institutional ownership (insti), intangible assets (intangible), book-to-market ratio (btm), analyst forecast horizon (horizon), abnormal trading volume (abtradvol), change in pre-tax return on assets (changeroa), and change in EPS (changeeps). These variables are defined in the Appendix.…”