Improvement of Integrated Watershed Management in Indonesia for Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change: A Review

Abstract

Climate change is a major challenge for Indonesia due to its impact on food, water, energy sustainability, and environmental health. Almost all Indonesian regions are exposed to floods, landslides, soil erosion, drought, and heavy rains. In response to these challenges, the Government of Indonesia has determined integrated watershed management (IWM) to be one of the key programs to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as stated in the updated Indonesian nationally determined contribution (NDC). This paper intends to review Indonesia′s efforts in mitigating and adapting to climate change through an IWM approach, and its attempts to realize a decent life and environment for all communities. Improvement of the IWM can be conducted by strengthening the synergy between the responsible institutions for watershed management and the responsible institutions for handling mitigation and adaptation of climate change impacts. In addition, it is important to prioritize coordination, participation, and collaboration not only at the national government level but also at the international level, since numerous problems may exist in the transboundary between countries, and finding solutions should involve planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. Implementing the micro watershed model (MWM), supported by culture, local wisdom, and traditional knowledge in communities, can be used to improve the current IWM.

A Chronicle of Indonesia’s Forest Management: A Long Step towards Environmental Sustainability and Community Welfare

“…Documents of the WMP are ratified by the minister or regional leader with the hope that they can be referred to as a part of the Regional Spatial Master Plan (Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah/RTRW) [68]. It has been stated in Government Regulation 37/2012 and Law 17/2019 that the RTRW should incorporate watershed management (Junita and Buchori, 2016).…”

“…However, the amount of vegetation cover is not significant compared with the total area of the watershed that must be restored, which is 106.9 million ha [77] and compared with the current deforestation rate, which is 115,460 ha/year [78]. This failure is inseparable from the failure of IWM (Integrated Watersheds Management) implementation, as stated by Basuki, Nugroho, Indrajaya, Pramono, Nugroho, Supangat, Indrawati, Savitri, Wahyuningrum, Purwanto, Cahyono, Putra, Adi, Nugroho, Auliyani, Wuryanta, Riyanto, Harjadi, Yudilastyantoro, Hanindityasari, Nada, and Simarmata [68]. They recommend that the IWM approach be improved holistically, considering all iterative steps of watershed management, including planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation.…”

“…In the future, the MONEV of watershed performance should be linked to forest management to achieve the goal of sustainable forest management. In addition, integrated MONEV of a watershed and forest management should pay more attention to transboundary watersheds or river basins, which are more complex due to the involvement of two or more countries with different characteristics [68].…”

“…Another important aspect is mainstreaming traditional community knowledge of disaster preparedness, mitigation, and adaptation [375,376]. Various traditional seasonal calendars, such as Sasih in Bali, Pranotomongso in Central Java, and the seasonal calendar in Keuneunong Aceh, are forms of community documentation regarding the changing seasons for anticipating possible hazards [68,377].…”

Strategi Meningkatkan Peran Kepolisian dalam Kerjasama Internasional: Studi Pada Atase Dan Staf Teknis Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia

“…Pada abad 21 ini Indonesia telah menetapkan doktrin kebijakan luar negeri untuk bisa bekerja sama dalam kerangka bilateral dan multilateral sesuai dengan kepentingan nasional (Wirawan et al, 2022). Perubahan politik dan kerja sama internasional membuat Indonesia beradaptasi melalui peningkatan peran dalam kancah internasional sehingga kepentingan nasional dapat terwujud, dan juga dapat menjalankan kewajiban moral sebagai salah satu bagian dari masyarakat global (Basuki et al, 2022).…”