Improvement of the Bag-Mediated Filtration System for Sampling Wastewater and Wastewater-Impacted Waters

Fagnant, Christine Susan; Sánchez-González, Liliana; Zhou, Nicolette A.; Falman, Jill C.; Eisenstein, Michael; Guelig, Dylan; Ockerman, Byron; Guan, Yifei; Kossik, Alexandra L.; Linden, Yarrow S.; Beck, Nicola K.; Wilmouth, Robyn; Komen, Evans; Mwangi, Benlick; Nyangao, James; Shirai, Jeffry H.; Novosselov, Igor; Borus, Peter; Boyle, David S.; Meschke, John Scott

doi:10.1007/s12560-017-9311-7

Cited by 28 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Technicians from the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Center for Virus Research in Nairobi, Kenya and the University of Pretoria in Pretoria, South Africa were trained in-person on the use of the BMFS field kit and laboratory protocols (Fagnant et al 2014(Fagnant et al , 2017(Fagnant et al , 2018. Trainees received detailed illustrated protocols, a one-page "quicksheet" reference protocol, and a training video describing the BMFS field sampling protocol.…”

Section: Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…BMFS samples were collected and filtered as previously described (Fagnant et al 2018). Briefly, samples were collected in the 6-L sampling bag with a pre-screen mesh (249µm pore size) over the opening; the bag was hung on a tripod, an MS2 pre-seeded ViroCap filter was attached to the outlet port of the bag, and the sample was filtered by gravity.…”

Section: Sample Collection and Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Filters were shipped to the University of Pretoria in insulated boxes with ice packs for virus elution and secondary concentration as previously described (Fagnant et al 2018) (Fig. 1, A3).…”

Section: Sample Collection and Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To facilitate PV environmental surveillance, a novel, alternative method for sample collection and processing was developed, the bag-mediated filtration system (BMFS) (Fagnant et al 2014(Fagnant et al , 2018. BMFS enables collection of large sample volumes (3-6 L wastewater or wastewater-impacted waters) and the ability for in-field filtration through a charged cartridge filter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After filtration, the samples are transported by reverse cold chain to the laboratory for further processing. In the laboratory, a preservative mixture is added to improve the survival of PV over time on the filters followed by filter elution and secondary concentration (Fagnant et al 2017(Fagnant et al , 2018Zhou et al 2018). Processing large volumes allows for an increased effective volume assayed, while on-site filtration eliminates transport of large water samples and reduces required laboratory space.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Feasibility of the Bag-Mediated Filtration System for Environmental Surveillance of Poliovirus in Kenya

et al. 2019

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The bag-mediated filtration system (BMFS) was developed to facilitate poliovirus (PV) environmental surveillance, a supplement to acute flaccid paralysis surveillance in PV eradication efforts. From April to September 2015, environmental samples were collected from four sites in Nairobi, Kenya, and processed using two collection/concentration methodologies: BMFS (> 3 L filtered) and grab sample (1 L collected; 0.5 L concentrated) with two-phase separation. BMFS and two-phase samples were analyzed for PV by the standard World Health Organization poliovirus isolation algorithm followed by intratypic differentiation. BMFS samples were also analyzed by a cell culture independent real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and an alternative cell culture method (integrated cell culture-rRT-PCR with PLC/PRF/5, L20B, and BGM cell lines). Sabin polioviruses were detected in a majority of samples using BMFS (37/42) and two-phase separation (32/42). There was statistically more frequent detection of Sabin-like PV type 3 in samples concentrated with BMFS (22/42) than by two-phase separation (14/42, p = 0.035), possibly due to greater effective volume assayed (870 mL vs. 150 mL). Despite this effective volume assayed, there was no statistical difference in Sabin-like PV type 1 and Sabin-like PV type 2 detection between these methods (9/42 vs. 8/42, p = 0.80 and 27/42 vs. 32/42, p = 0.18, respectively). This study demonstrated that BMFS can be used for PV environmental surveillance and established a feasible study design for future research.

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Section: Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sample Collection and Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sample Collection and Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Feasibility of the Bag-Mediated Filtration System for Environmental Surveillance of Poliovirus in Kenya

et al. 2019

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Development of an elution device for ViroCap virus filters

Fagnant¹,

Toles²,

Zhou

et al. 2017

Environ Monit Assess

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Environmental surveillance of waterborne pathogens is vital for monitoring the spread of diseases, and electropositive filters are frequently used for sampling wastewater and wastewater-impacted surface water. Viruses adsorbed to electropositive filters require elution prior to detection or quantification. Elution is typically facilitated by a peristaltic pump, although this requires a significant startup cost and does not include biosafety or cross-contamination considerations. These factors may pose a barrier for low-resource laboratories that aim to conduct environmental surveillance of viruses. The objective of this study was to develop a biologically enclosed, manually powered, low-cost device for effectively eluting from electropositive ViroCap™ virus filters. The elution device described here utilizes a non-electric bilge pump, instead of an electric peristaltic pump or a positive pressure vessel. The elution device also fully encloses liquids and aerosols that could contain biological organisms, thereby increasing biosafety. Moreover, all elution device components that are used in the biosafety cabinet are autoclavable, reducing cross-contamination potential. This device reduces costs of materials while maintaining convenience in terms of size and weight. With this new device, there is little sample volume loss due to device inefficiency, similar virus yields were demonstrated during seeded studies with poliovirus type 1, and the time to elute filters is similar to that required with the peristaltic pump. The efforts described here resulted in a novel, low-cost, manually powered elution device that can facilitate environmental surveillance of pathogens through effective virus recovery from ViroCap filters while maintaining the potential for adaptability to other cartridge filters.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s10661-017-6258-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Evaluation of Secondary Concentration Methods for Poliovirus Detection in Wastewater

et al. 2019

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Effective surveillance of human enteric viruses is critical to estimate disease prevalence within a community and can be a vital supplement to clinical surveillance. This study sought to evaluate simple, effective, and inexpensive secondary concentration methods for use with ViroCap™ filter eluate for environmental surveillance of poliovirus. Wastewater was primary concentrated using cartridge ViroCap filters, seeded with poliovirus type 1 (PV1), and then concentrated using five secondary concentration methods (beef extract-Celite, ViroCap flat disc filter, InnovaPrep® Concentrating Pipette, polyethylene glycol [PEG]/sodium chloride [NaCl] precipitation, and skimmed-milk flocculation). PV1 was enumerated in secondary concentrates by plaque assay on BGMK cells. Of the five tested methods, PEG/NaCl precipitation and skimmed-milk flocculation resulted in the highest PV1 recoveries. Optimization of the skimmed-milk flocculation method resulted in a greater PV1 recovery (106 ± 24.8%) when compared to PEG/NaCl precipitation (59.5 ± 19.4%) ( p = 0.004, t-test). The high PV1 recovery, short processing time, low reagent cost, no required refrigeration, and requirement for only standard laboratory equipment suggest that the skimmed-milk flocculation method would be a good candidate to be field-validated for secondary concentration of environmental ViroCap filter samples containing poliovirus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s12560-018-09364-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Improvement of the Bag-Mediated Filtration System for Sampling Wastewater and Wastewater-Impacted Waters

Cited by 28 publications

References 14 publications

Feasibility of the Bag-Mediated Filtration System for Environmental Surveillance of Poliovirus in Kenya

Feasibility of the Bag-Mediated Filtration System for Environmental Surveillance of Poliovirus in Kenya

Development of an elution device for ViroCap virus filters

Evaluation of Secondary Concentration Methods for Poliovirus Detection in Wastewater

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