Improvement of the Coefficient of Outflow in Glaucomatous Eyes

Ballintine, Elmer J.; Garner, Lawrence L.

doi:10.1001/archopht.1961.00960010316004

Cited by 52 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…9,18,25 In contrast, ␤-blocking drugs decrease IOP by reducing the inflow of aqueous humor, which is under the control of ␤-adrenergic mechanism in the ciliary epithelium. 26 This is demonstrated by timolol's ability to block the increased aqueous inflow that follows administration of an adrenergic agonist such as epinephrine.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Action In Reducing Iopmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Considerations With Pharmacotherapy of Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension

Han¹,

Frishman²,

Sun³

et al. 2008

Cardiology in Review

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Glaucoma and ocular hypertension are highly prevalent conditions in individuals over the age of 40 and are commonly seen together in patients with cardiovascular disease. Many of the antiglaucoma medications, when systemically absorbed, affect the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems of patients and can cause cardiovascular toxicity. Such adverse effects are frequently associated with the long-term use of potentially toxic agents in elderly people, who are most prone to chronic eye disease. Moreover, patients may not associate their symptoms with the topical eye medications, and consequently may not report adverse drug effects. Drug-drug interactions can also occur when patients are taking medications for both cardiovascular disease and glaucoma. In this review, the systemic toxicity of these agents is reviewed, along with possible drug-drug interactions. Mention is made of other antiglaucoma medications used alone and in combination with topical beta-blockers. Identification of genetic loci-a bold new step toward glaucoma treatment-is mentioned briefly at the end of the article.

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Section: Mechanism Of Action In Reducing Iopmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Considerations With Pharmacotherapy of Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension

Han¹,

Frishman²,

Sun³

et al. 2008

Cardiology in Review

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“…Adrenergic agonists have been shown to increase the facility of outflow in both primate [1,2] and human eyes [3,4], an effect which appears to be mediated by ß-adrenergic receptors by stimulation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) production in these species [5][6][7]. Since the trabecular meshwork is the major pathway for aqueous outflow in humans, studies of the actions of adrenergic agonists and antagonists on cAMP production in cultured human trabecular cells may provide relevant information regarding the function of these outflow pathways.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adrenergic Drug Effects on Cyclic AMP in Cultured Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells

1998

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Cyclic AMP production in the presence or absence of various adrenergic agonists and antagonists was determined in cultured human trabecular cells using a gammaflow automated radioimmunoassay that allowed multiple simultaneous experiments and reproducible results. Adrenergic agonists and antagonists showed activation and inhibition constants consistent with the presence of β₂-receptors: K_a of isoproterenol < epinephrine < norepinephrine < phenylephrine; K_i of timolol < betaxolol < celiprolol < atenolol. Selective ICI antagonists showed β₂-specificity.

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“…This will in turn lead to a decrease in local pCT when the balance between uptake rate and supply is altered. A low IOP despite a stable or an increased aqueous humor produc tion can only be caused by a decreased out flow resistance as proposed by several authors [2,[5][6][7][8], Moreover, if the aqueous humor pro duction is increased as long IOP is low, the question must be raised how the aqueous humor production is coupled to IOP. Further experiments have to be performed in order to answer this question.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the anemic phase, IOP decreased parallel to the reduction of the vas cular compartment; later, in the hyperemic phase, IOP remained at low levels despite a dilated vascular compartment [4], This IOPlowering effect can be ascribed to an increase in aqueous humor outflow facility [2,[5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Epinephrine on Local Partial Pressure of Oxygen in the Ciliary Processes

Höper¹,

Funk

1993

Ophthalmic Res

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Local pO₂ was measured close to the ciliary process of the rabbit eye using polarographic microelectrodes under microendoscopic observation. The experiments were performed in 5 anaesthetized New Zealand rabbits. Changes in local pO₂, intraocular pressure (IOP) and blood flow velocity (BFV) were investigated after intra-arterial and topical application of epinephrine. After intra-arterial epinephrine, a simultaneous decrease in BFV, IOP and local pO₂ was found. pO₂ decrease was more pronounced in the anterior part of the ciliary processes than in the posterior part. Topical epinephrine lead to similar changes of all parameters mentioned above, the time constants being 10-20 times longer. In these topical experiments, no recovery of local pO₂ was found over a period of at least 30 min despite an increase in BFV. Our results indicate that in the hyperemic phase after epinephrine the activity of the ciliary epithelium (and probably the total aqueous formation) is higher than normal. Thus, the decrease in IOP in this phase must be due to an increased outflow facility.

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Improvement of the Coefficient of Outflow in Glaucomatous Eyes

Cited by 52 publications

References 1 publication

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Considerations With Pharmacotherapy of Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Considerations With Pharmacotherapy of Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension

Adrenergic Drug Effects on Cyclic AMP in Cultured Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells

Effect of Epinephrine on Local Partial Pressure of Oxygen in the Ciliary Processes

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