“…It is also worth noting that the average performance of zero-filling-coupled network is higher than mean-value-filling-coupled network. One possible explanation is that zero-filling method can mask missing values by 0, whereas mean-filling method introduces more inaccurate information to the network [51] . To gain a more intuitive understanding of the impacts of missing-value imputation methods on neoantigen prediction performance, we randomly removed 42.5 % of values from the test dataset according to the rate of missing value in the training dataset.…”