“…22 Our findings introduce an approach to calculate and directly measure the minimum incorporation depth providing valuable insights for future applications. MOF nanoparticles produced by PSE show potential in various applications, including gas separation, 23 CO 2 capture, 19,24 water adsorption, 25 and selective catalysis. 26 With our method, the minimum incorporation depths of these MOF nanoparticles can now be readily determined, potentially linking incorporation depth to enhanced performances in these applications.…”