Improvement Strategies, Cost Effective Production, and Potential Applications of Fungal Glucose Oxidase (GOD): Current Updates

Abstract

Fungal glucose oxidase (GOD) is widely employed in the different sectors of food industries for use in baking products, dry egg powder, beverages, and gluconic acid production. GOD also has several other novel applications in chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, and other biotechnological industries. The electrochemical suitability of GOD catalyzed reactions has enabled its successful use in bioelectronic devices, particularly biofuel cells, and biosensors. Other crucial aspects of GOD such as improved feeding efficiency in response to GOD supplemental diet, roles in antimicrobial activities, and enhancing pathogen defense response, thereby providing induced resistance in plants have also been reported. Moreover, the medical science, another emerging branch where GOD was recently reported to induce several apoptosis characteristics as well as cellular senescence by downregulating Klotho gene expression. These widespread applications of GOD have led to increased demand for more extensive research to improve its production, characterization, and enhanced stability to enable long term usages. Currently, GOD is mainly produced and purified from Aspergillus niger and Penicillium species, but the yield is relatively low and the purification process is troublesome. It is practical to build an excellent GOD-producing strain. Therefore, the present review describes innovative methods of enhancing fungal GOD production by using genetic and non-genetic approaches in-depth along with purification techniques. The review also highlights current research progress in the cost effective production of GOD, including key advances, potential applications and limitations. Therefore, there is an extensive need to commercialize these processes by developing and optimizing novel strategies for cost effective GOD production.

Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase on Eupergit C: Impact of Aeration, Kinetic and Operational Stability Studies of Free and Immobilized Enzyme

“…It is a dimeric protein consisting of two identical 80 kDa subunits that contain non-covalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) per monomer as cofactor at the active site 3 . Glucose oxidase is widely employed in food industry due to its ability to remove glucose and oxygen (O 2 ) or to produce glu-conic acid 4 . It is also used in chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, and other biotechnological industries.…”

Biochemical and Thermodynamical Characterization of Glucose Oxidase, Invertase, and Alkaline Phosphatase Secreted by Antarctic Yeasts

“…The three enzymes studied in this work have applications in several industries: GOD in food, beverage, and textile industries, and in glucose biosensors (Bankar et al, 2009 ; Dubey et al, 2017 ); Inv in the production of invert sugars and prebiotic compounds (Kulshrestha et al, 2013 ; Kadowaki et al, 2014 ; Nadeem et al, 2015 ); and ALP in diagnostic studies, in biosensors and as a marker for milk pasteurization (Rankin et al, 2010 ; Nalini et al, 2015 ). To the best of our knowledge, there are not many studies (or even none) regarding the secretion of GOD, Inv, and ALP enzymes in yeasts, especially from yeasts inhabiting cold environments.…”

“…GOD (β-D-glucose:oxygen 1-oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.2.3.4) catalyzes the oxidation of β-D-glucose to gluconic acid, also producing hydrogen peroxide, by using molecular oxygen as an electron acceptor (Bankar et al, 2009 ). This enzyme is applied in the food, beverage, chemical, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological industries (Ferri et al, 2011 ; Du et al, 2013 ; Dubey et al, 2017 ), and has novel applications in biosensors (Bankar et al, 2009 ; Wang et al, 2013 ). Due to this potential, the search for GODs from microbial sources is increasing.…”

The Mechanism of Sugar C−H Bond Oxidation by a Flavoprotein Oxidase Occurs by a Hydride Transfer Before Proton Abstraction

“…P2O is a flavoenzyme oxidase that catalyzes the selective oxidation of the C−H bond which contains an ‐OH group in the sugar to generate a corresponding keto‐sugar product. The enzyme belongs to the GMC enzyme family which also catalyzes oxidation of the C−H bond in other substrates . P2O is among the most useful sugar‐specific biocatalysts for industrial applications because it can catalyze regiospecific oxidative transformation of aldoses into 2‐keto‐aldoses, which are precursors for the synthesis of valuable compounds such as fructose, tagatose, isoascorbic acid or the antibiotic cortalcerone .…”