Improvements in body fat distribution and circulating adiponectin by alternate-day fasting versus calorie restriction☆

Varady, Krista A; Allister, Candice; Roohk, Donald J.; Hellerstein, Marc K.

doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.11.001

Cited by 72 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In this study, individuals lost~6% of their body weight [130], and similar weight losses have since been reported in other m-ADF protocols in the obese [129,133,134], along with reduced triacylglycerol levels and increased LDL-particle size [128,130,131]. In support of the use of modified-fasting protocols, mouse studies have shown that provision of 15e25% of calorie requirements during fasting days produced similar reductions in visceral adipose tissue mass and increases in adiponectin over 4 weeks as true ADF [116,135]. However, the small amounts of food provided during the fasting day may have been consumed relatively quickly, resulting in a prolonged fasting period.…”

Section: The Unique Case For Intermittent and Alternate Day Fasting (supporting

confidence: 79%

Metabolic impacts of altering meal frequency and timing – Does when we eat matter?

Hutchison

Heilbronn

2016

Biochimie

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Section: The Unique Case For Intermittent and Alternate Day Fasting (supporting

confidence: 79%

Metabolic impacts of altering meal frequency and timing – Does when we eat matter?

Hutchison

Heilbronn

2016

Biochimie

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“…FA synthesis was measured by stable isotope incorporation, with analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Mice were labeled with an intraperitoneal injection of 100% 2 H2O (0.35 ml/10 g body wt) and then provided 8% 2 H2O as drinking water for 6 -24 h, as described previously (40). Upon completion of labeling, mice were euthanized, and tissue or serum was collected and homogenized in a 2:1 chloroform-methanol solution.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calorie restriction increases fatty acid synthesis and whole body fat oxidation rates

Bruss

Khambatta

Ruby³

et al. 2010

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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276

237

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Bruss MD, Khambatta CF, Ruby MA, Aggarwal I, Hellerstein MK. Calorie restriction increases fatty acid synthesis and whole body fat oxidation rates. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 298: E108-E116, 2010. First published November 3, 2009 zdoi:10.1152/ajpendo.00524.2009.-Calorie restriction (CR) increases longevity and retards the development of many chronic diseases, but the underlying metabolic signals are poorly understood. Increased fatty acid (FA) oxidation and reduced FA synthesis have been hypothesized to be important metabolic adaptations to CR. However, at metabolic steady state, FA oxidation must match FA intake plus synthesis; moreover, FA intake is low, not high, during CR. Therefore, it is not clear how FA dynamics are altered during CR. Accordingly, we measured food intake patterns, whole body fuel selection, endogenous FA synthesis, and gene expression in mice on CR. Within 2 days of CR being started, a shift to a cyclic, diurnal pattern of whole body FA metabolism occurred, with an initial phase of elevated endogenous FA synthesis [respiratory exchange ratio (RER) Ͼ1.10, lasting 4 -6 h after food provision], followed by a prolonged phase of FA oxidation (RER ϭ 0.70, lasting 18 -20 h). CR mice oxidized four times as much fat per day as ad libitum (AL)-fed controls (367 Ϯ 19 vs. 97 Ϯ 14 mg/day, P Ͻ O.001) despite reduced energy intake from fat. This increase in FA oxidation was balanced by a threefold increase in adipose tissue FA synthesis compared with AL. Expression of FA synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA were increased in adipose and liver in a timedependent manner. We conclude that CR induces a surprising metabolic pattern characterized by periods of elevated FA synthesis alternating with periods of FA oxidation disproportionate to dietary FA intake. This pattern may have implications for oxidative damage and disease risk. fat synthesis; lipogenesis; palmitoleate; heavy water CALORIE RESTRICTION (CR) delays the development of chronic disease and prolongs lifespan in mice (1,17,27,34). These effects correlate with a rapid induction in the expression of certain genes that persist as long as animals remain on CR (10, 36) even after energy balance is restored. These observations suggest the presence of a chronic signal of reduced energy availability that persists after energy balance has been reestablished. However, the underlying metabolic signals and adaptations responsible are not fully understood.Mice on CR regimens have been reported to exhibit increased expression of genes for fatty acid (FA) oxidation and decreased expression of genes for FA synthesis compared with ad libitum (AL)-fed controls (6,7,30,38). Due to differential entry points into the electron transport chain, a metabolic shift from carbohydrate to FA oxidation may reduce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (15). A shift to FA oxidation thereby represents a potential mechanism for reduced oxidative damage, which has been proposed as a potential explanation for the health benefits of CR (14,15,29,35). It has also be...

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“…The majority of rodent studies (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21) and a small number of human studies (22)(23)(24)(25)(26) have used IER protocols, which completely restrict energy intake (i.e. 100 % energy restriction) every other day, with fasting intervals ranging between 20 and 36 h. However, the long-term sustainability of this alternate day total fasting approach in human subjects is questionable due to the persistent hunger reported (24) .…”

Section: Overview and Effects On Body Weightmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…100 % energy restriction) every other day, with fasting intervals ranging between 20 and 36 h. However, the long-term sustainability of this alternate day total fasting approach in human subjects is questionable due to the persistent hunger reported (24) . Subsequently, the IER protocols used by most human studies (27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41) , and by some rodent studies (11,14,42) , have allowed a small amount of 'fast' day intake, so that energy is substantially (⩾70 %) but not completely restricted. This is often referred to as modified fasting, such that, the term fasting in this IER context denotes periods of severe (total or partial) energy restriction.…”

Section: Overview and Effects On Body Weightmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The result is the creation of an unfavourable metabolic and hormonal milieu, which drives the development of systemic insulin resistance and associated metabolic disorders (46) . Several studies have shown that rodents maintained on IER exhibit reduced visceral adipose tissue (14,42) , as well as favourable reductions in fat cell size and augmented adipocyte differentiation within subcutaneous and visceral fat pads (11) . Levels of adiponectin, which has antiatherogenic and insulin-sensitising properties, are usually reduced in states of obesity but increased through IER (14,21) .…”

Section: Change In Adipose Tissue Morphology Physiology and Distribumentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of intermittent fasting on glucose and lipid metabolism

et al. 2017

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Two intermittent fasting variants, intermittent energy restriction (IER) and time-restricted feeding (TRF), have received considerable interest as strategies for weight-management and/or improving metabolic health. With these strategies, the pattern of energy restriction and/or timing of food intake are altered so that individuals undergo frequently repeated periods of fasting. This review provides a commentary on the rodent and human literature, specifically focusing on the effects of IER and TRF on glucose and lipid metabolism. For IER, there is a growing evidence demonstrating its benefits on glucose and lipid homeostasis in the short-to-medium term; however, more long-term safety studies are required. Whilst the metabolic benefits of TRF appear quite profound in rodents, findings from the few human studies have been mixed. There is some suggestion that the metabolic changes elicited by these approaches can occur in the absence of energy restriction, and in the context of IER, may be distinct from those observed following similar weight-loss achieved via modest continuous energy restriction. Mechanistically, the frequently repeated prolonged fasting intervals may favour preferential reduction of ectopic fat, beneficially modulate aspects of adipose tissue physiology/morphology, and may also impinge on circadian clock regulation. However, mechanistic evidence is largely limited to findings from rodent studies, thus necessitating focused human studies, which also incorporate more dynamic assessments of glucose and lipid metabolism. Ultimately, much remains to be learned about intermittent fasting (in its various forms); however, the findings to date serve to highlight promising avenues for future research.

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Improvements in body fat distribution and circulating adiponectin by alternate-day fasting versus calorie restriction☆

Cited by 72 publications

References 26 publications

Metabolic impacts of altering meal frequency and timing – Does when we eat matter?

Metabolic impacts of altering meal frequency and timing – Does when we eat matter?

Calorie restriction increases fatty acid synthesis and whole body fat oxidation rates

Effects of intermittent fasting on glucose and lipid metabolism

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