Improvements in Coronary Heart Disease Risk Indicators by Alternate‐Day Fasting Involve Adipose Tissue Modulations

Bhutani, Surabhi; Klempel, Monica C.; Berger, Reed; Varady, Krista A

doi:10.1038/oby.2010.54

Cited by 73 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Weight-loss is accompanied by reductions in whole-body adiposity 37, 38, 40, 45-47, 49-52 , waist circumference 39,40,43,45 and favourable shifts in adipokine expression encompassing lowered circulating levels of TNF-a 37 , IL-6 37 , resistin 39,49 and augmented adiponectin expression 39 , consistent with favourable modulations in adipose function. Also noted by one study was a decline in C-reactive protein (CRP) 52 , potentially the most widely accepted of the inflammatory markers and whose hepatic synthesis is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines.…”

Section: -52mentioning

confidence: 80%

“…87 Circulating levels are proportional to adiposity and so decline during weight-loss, thus increasing appetite, however this reduction is believed to be disproportionately greater than the change in fat-mass. 82 As expected, IER (60-85% ER on restricted days) weight-loss interventions have all noted a decline in leptin levels 39,41,[46][47][48][49]52 , comparable with energy-matched CER protocols after three months 48 and six months. 41 Conversely ghrelin, produced mainly by P/D1 cells lining the fundus of the stomach, exerts appetite stimulating effects and so levels are typically at their peak pre-meal and decrease post-prandially.…”

Section: Intermittent Energy Restriction: Acceptability and Effects Omentioning

confidence: 88%

“…It also transports cholesterol from extra-hepatic sites, including the arterial wall, to the liver for excretion via reverse cholesterol transport. 77 Results from IER (60-85% ER/alternate days) trials have thus far been inconsistent, with some reporting decreases 40 , and others increases 37,39 , but with the majority showing no effects on HDL cholesterol levels. 38,42,43,45,49,51,52 Inconsistencies may have arisen due to the biphasic response of HDL documented by studies of ER induced weight-loss, whereby levels typically decrease during active weight-loss then either return to baseline or (less commonly) rise following attainment of weight stability.…”

Section: Humans: Preliminary Trials Using the Alternate Day Total Fasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, debate regarding the maintainability of such an approach longterm led the authors of one of these first-inman trials to propose that the addition of one small meal on a "fasting" day may improve the long-term acceptability of IER. 33 Subsequent to this, weight-loss trials within human populations [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52] as well as some rodent trials 22,27,53,54 have used an array of IER protocols which permit a small energy load to be consumed on the "fast" day, so that energy intake is partially but not completely restricted. The number of ER-days per week and degree of ER of these partial IER protocols has varied between studies, but ultimately this approach entails intermittent periods of very low energy intake, ranging between 15-50 % of energy requirements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Intermittent Energy Restriction on Indices of Cardiometabolic Health

Antoni¹,

Johnston²,

Collins³

et al. 2014

ENDO

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Intermittent energy restriction (IER) has become the subject of considerable scientific interest as a potential dietary approach for weight-loss and improving cardiometabolic health. This approach involves intermittent periods of total or partial energy restriction (ER) alternated with non-restricted intake, and has been studied in rodent and human populations.This review aims to provide an overview of the IER literature to date, with a specific focus on its effects on cardiometabolic health indices in rodents and humans.Current evidence from studies in rodents and humans suggests that IER is capable of promoting weight-loss and/or favourably influencing an array of cardiometabolic health indices, with equal or greater efficacy than conventional continuous ER approaches. Putative mechanisms include the effects of IER on adipose tissue physiology, stress resistance and fat distribution within visceral and intra-hepatic sites. However, a large proportion of this mechanistic evidence is limited to indirect observations and/or has come from rodent studies requiring translation into humans. Furthermore, whilst there is some indication that total IER and the array of partial IER protocols which have been developed may elicit distinct biological effects, our knowledge around this is limited as only a small number of rodent studies have directly addressed this.Ultimately, whilst much remains to be learned about IER, including its mechanisms of action and long-term efficacy, the positive findings to date serve to highlight promising avenues for future research.

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Section: -52mentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Intermittent Energy Restriction: Acceptability and Effects Omentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Humans: Preliminary Trials Using the Alternate Day Total Fasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Intermittent Energy Restriction on Indices of Cardiometabolic Health

Antoni¹,

Johnston²,

Collins³

et al. 2014

ENDO

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“…IF also lowers coronary heart disease risk factors in humans. coronary heart disease in obese men and women including reducing body weight, waist circumference, fat mass, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triacylglycerol [19]. In addition, IF-calorie restriction with liquid diet is more capable of reducing risk factors for coronary heart disease compared with IF-calorie restriction without liquid diet in obese women [20,21].…”

Section: If and Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardioprotective Effects of Intermittent Fasting

Zhu¹

2017

J Clin Diagn Res

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Calorie restriction, a dietary regimen reducing energy intake without causing malnutrition, prolongs lifespan and exerts medical and health benefits such as lowering metabolic risk factors for chronic diseases and ameliorating chronic conditions. Intermittent fasting (IF), a type of calorie restriction regimen, has attracted particular attention as it is cost-effective and more accessible while exerting the same or even enhanced beneficial effects on health and disease in laboratory animals and humans. In this review, we focus on the protective effects of IF on several types of heart diseases including myocardial ischemic injury, age-related cardiac hypertrophy, doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and coronary heart disease risk factors. The findings summarized here implicate IF as a nonpharmacological, non-genetic preventive or therapeutic intervention for certain types of heart disease.

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