Improvements in Surface Tension Measurements of Liquid Metals Having Low Capillary Constants by the Constrained Drop Method

Abstract

Accurate measurements of surface tension of liquid metals having low capillary constants (the ratio between density (r) and surface tension (s), r/s) have been attempted using the constrained drop method. High accuracy of surface tension measurements was obtained by making a large axi-symmetric liquid drop and adopting a developed image capturing system composed of a high-resolution charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, an additional CCD camera to adjust the level of the metal drop and a He-Ne laser.

Surface Tension Measurements of 430 Stainless Steel

“…Further details pertaining to this constrained drop method have been previously reported. 13,18) Following experimentation, the sample was subjected to chemical analysis using an ICP-AES and an oxygen analyzer. In addition, the interface between the sample and the alumina crucible was investigated using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM, Hitachi, S-4300) and an Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscope (EDX, Horiba, EX-200).…”

Surface Tension and its Temperature Coefficient of Liquid Sn-X (X=Ag, Cu) Alloys

“…The apparatus and experimental techniques have been described in Ref. 16. The experimental measurements were compared with the calculation results.…”

“…1, reported measurements are also drawn for comparison. 16,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Keene 30) asserted in his review that the surface tension of liquid metal measured using the sessile drop method could be lowly estimated due to the contamination from the substrates (mainly oxides), and the surface tension measured by the levitation method usually showed higher surface tension values than that by the sessile drop method because the sample in the levitation method might not be contaminated from the substrate. However, Egry et al 29) showed that the surface tension of liquid metal droplets measured by the levitation method had been highly estimated due to the electromagnetic pressure on the liquid metal.…”

“…Recently, the authors showed that more reliable surface tension values could be obtained by the constrained drop method. [15][16][17] (For example, the surface tension of liquid Au showed very small relative errors from the mean value less than AE0:5%.…”

Surface Tension of Liquid Fe–Ti Alloys at 1 823 K

“…In two sets of the previous experiments, however, the surface tension value for pure liquid iron was lowly estimated than the more reliable recent data (1 842(Ϯ44) 7) mN/m at 1 823 K). It is considered that the samples used in the experiments might have been contaminated by surface-active impurities such as oxygen and sulfur, which may considerably lower the surface tension of liquid iron-based alloys.…”