Improvements in the Rearing of the Tachinid Parasitoid<i>Exorista larvarum</i>(Diptera: Tachinidae): Influence of Adult Food on Female Longevity and Reproduction Capacity

Dindo, Mária Luisa; Rezaei, Mehran; Clercq, Patrick De

doi:10.1093/jisesa/iey122

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The tachinid fly E. japonica was collected on its host, the M. separata in the field in Nanning, Guangxi, China. The rearing of E. japonica was followed by the method developed for the tachinid parasitoid Exorista larvarum (Diptera: Tachinidae) ( Dindo et al, 2019 ). Briefly, newly emerged adults were fed with 20% honey solution; after mating, each of the fly cages was loaded with 100 silkworm larvae on day 1 at the last (fifth) instar for receiving fly eggs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Around 120 silkworms (sex ratio F/M = 1:1) on day 1 in the fifth instar stage were placed in the adult fly cages to receive fly eggs for 2 h. Due to 64% parasitoidism success in silkworms, silkworms received 2–3 fly eggs were selected and reared with mulberry leaves for further observation ( Zhao et al, 2020 ). The newly hatched tachinid larvae penetrated the host body and each formed a visible black-marked respiratory funnel on the silkworm integument ( Dindo et al, 2019 ). The number of silkworms with one and two funnels, the emerged tachinid puparia, and adults were recorded.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Tachinid Parasitoid Exorista japonica on the Larval Development and Pupation of the Host Silkworm Bombyx mori

Dai

Jiang

et al. 2022

Front. Physiol.

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The Tachinidae are natural enemies of many lepidopteran and coleopteran pests of crops, forests, and fruits. However, host-tachinid parasitoid interactions have been largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the effects of tachinids on host biological traits, using Exorista japonica, a generalist parasitoid, and the silkworm Bombyx mori, its lepidopteran host, as models. We observed that E. japonica parasitoidism did not affect silkworm larval body weight gain and cocooning rate, whereas they caused shortened duration of molting from the final instar to the pupal stage, abnormal molting from larval to pupal stages, and a subsequent decrease in host emergence rate. Moreover, a decrease in juvenile hormone (JH) titer and an increase in 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) titer in the hemolymph of parasitized silkworms occurred. The transcription of JH and 20E responsive genes was downregulated in mature parasitized hosts, but upregulated in parasitized prepupae while Fushi tarazu factor 1 (Ftz-f1), a nuclear receptor essential in larval ecdysis, showed dramatically reduced expression in parasitized hosts at both the mature and prepupal stages. Moreover, the transcriptional levels of BmFtz-f1 and its downstream target genes encoding cuticle proteins were downregulated in epidermis of parasitized hosts. Meanwhile, the content of trehalose was decreased in the hemolymph, while chitin content in the epidermis was increased in parasitized silkworm prepupae. These data reveal that the host may fine-tune JH and 20E synthesis to shorten developmental duration to combat established E. japonica infestation, while E. japonica silences BmFtz-f1 transcription to inhibit host pupation. This discovery highlights the novel target mechanism of tachinid parasitoids and provides new clues to host/tachinid parasitoid relationships.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Tachinid Parasitoid Exorista japonica on the Larval Development and Pupation of the Host Silkworm Bombyx mori

Dai

Jiang

et al. 2022

Front. Physiol.

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“…The parasitoid adults were kept in plexiglass cages (40 × 30 × 30 cm) (50–70 adults per cage) at 26 ± 1 °C, 65 ± 5% r.h., and L16:D8 photoperiod. Adult food consisted of sugar cubes and pollen (Dindo et al, 2019). Distilled water was administered via drinking troughs with soaked cotton.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monarda fistulosa hydrolate as antimicrobial agent in artificial media for the in vitro rearing of the tachinid parasitoid Exorista larvarum

Dindo¹,

Modesto²,

Rossi³

et al. 2020

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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Exorista larvarum (L.) (Diptera: Tachinidae), a larval parasitoid of Lepidoptera, can be reared from egg to fecund adult on artificial media composed of crude components. The standard in vitro culture is performed in 24-well plastic rearing plates. Exorista larvarum eggs, removed from superparasitized larvae of Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), are individually placed in the wells, each containing a cotton swab soaked in liquid medium. The plates are then sealed until parasitoid puparium formation. To avoid contamination by microorganisms, the artificial medium is routinely supplemented with 0.01% solution of gentamicin. Experiments were carried out to assess whether this broadspectrum antibiotic may be replaced with hydrolate of Monarda fistulosa L. (Lamiaceae), which was selected due to its high in vitro activity against pathogenic microorganisms for humans and plants. The hydrolate was either supplemented to the artificial medium (0.5% wt/wt) (first experiment) or placed in an empty well (200 ll) of the rearing plate, to be supplied as saturated air due to evaporation (second experiment). In both experiments, a standard medium with gentamicin and an antimicrobialfree medium were maintained as positive and negative controls, respectively. In the first experiment, in the hydrolate-supplemented medium fewer E. larvarum completed egg-to-adult development than in the standard medium, but significantly more parasitoids developed from egg to adult compared to the antimicrobial-free medium. No significant difference was found between the numbers of eggs laid by the females obtained from the standard medium vs. those from the hydrolate-supplemented medium. In the second experiment, the hydrolate-saturated air significantly decreased E. larvarum egg hatching, puparium formation, and female fecundity compared to the standard medium. In perspective, M. fistulosa hydrolate supplemented to the artificial media for E. larvarum may be considered as a promising candidate to replace the gentamicin solution, as suggested also by the microbiological analyses of the media, performed at various growth stages of the parasitoid in a separate trial. Conversely, the hydrolate-saturated air treatment was deemed unsuitable.

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“…In agreement with previous studies (Jalali & Singh, 1992;Silva et al, 2013;Ismail et al, 2014), our results demonstrated that the fecundity of A. matricariae decreased after cold storage. In addition, the nutritional status of parasitoids during their adult stage can affect fecundity (Heimpel et al, 1997;Dindo et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of cold storage on life‐history traits ofAphidius matricariae

Rezaei

Talebi

Fathipour

et al. 2020

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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Aphidius matricariae Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a polyphagous solitary endoparasitoid, attacking more than 40 species of aphids. This parasitoid is an important commercial product of many companies that produce biological control agents. Storage at low temperature increases the shelf life of many biocontrol agents, allowing companies to provide a steady and sufficient supply of insects for biocontrol programs. In the current study, the effects of cold storage of 1‐day‐old host mummies with A. matricariae for various time periods (5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 days) at 5 °C on the parasitoid’s key life‐history traits were investigated. Parameters assessed after storage included adult emergence rate, offspring sex ratio, adult longevity, oviposition period, fecundity, and life‐table parameters (R0, r, λ, T, and DT). Our results showed that the mummies of A. matricariae could be stored at 5 °C for 5 days without loss of quality and for 10–15 days with minimal reduction in quality (e.g., some reduction in adult longevity and R0). If parasitoids were stored for >15 days, quality was more strongly affected. In conclusion, A. matricariae pupae could be stored at 5 °C for up to 15 days without significant negative post‐storage effects on fitness of the parasitoid. These results could be used to improve the planning of mass rearing and mass release of A. matricariae in augmentative biological control programs.

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Improvements in the Rearing of the Tachinid ParasitoidExorista larvarum(Diptera: Tachinidae): Influence of Adult Food on Female Longevity and Reproduction Capacity

Cited by 18 publications

References 40 publications

Effect of Tachinid Parasitoid Exorista japonica on the Larval Development and Pupation of the Host Silkworm Bombyx mori

Effect of Tachinid Parasitoid Exorista japonica on the Larval Development and Pupation of the Host Silkworm Bombyx mori

Monarda fistulosa hydrolate as antimicrobial agent in artificial media for the in vitro rearing of the tachinid parasitoid Exorista larvarum

Effects of cold storage on life‐history traits ofAphidius matricariae

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