Improvements on Restricted Insecticide Application Protocol for Control of Human and Animal African Trypanosomiasis in Eastern Uganda

Muhanguzi, Dennis; Picozzi, Kim; Hatendorf, Jan; Thrusfield, Michael; Welburn, Susan C.; Kabasa, John David; Waiswa, Charles

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003284

Cited by 44 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Where individual villages, or even more so, only individuals within villages treat their own cattle, higher numbers will need to be treated to achieve the same level of tsetse control. More information on this is emerging from field work (Muhanguzi et al, 2014) and modelling (Hargrove et al, 2012, Kajunguri et al, 2014.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This can be highly effective for controlling tsetse and reducing the prevalence and impact of bovine trypanosomosis (e.g. Rowlands et al, 1999;Muhanguzi et al, 2014). The approach costed here assumes the restricted application protocol (RAP) (Torr et al, 2007;Muhanguzi et al, 2014) whereby insecticide is only applied to the preferred feeding sites of tsetse and ticks: the legs, belly and ears.…”

Section: Live Baits -Insecticide-treated Cattle (Itc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rowlands et al, 1999;Muhanguzi et al, 2014). The approach costed here assumes the restricted application protocol (RAP) (Torr et al, 2007;Muhanguzi et al, 2014) whereby insecticide is only applied to the preferred feeding sites of tsetse and ticks: the legs, belly and ears. The cost of insecticide and delivery was estimated from field data at US$ 0.57 per bovine per treatment (personal communication, Dennis Muhanguzi, 2014) to which should be added an estimate of the cost of ropes used to restrain cattle, and of the farmers' time (personal communication Walter Okello, 2014), bringing the total to US$ 0.60.…”

Section: Live Baits -Insecticide-treated Cattle (Itc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For two of the three 'permanently deployed' control strategies (trypanocides and targets) the percentage was set at 75%. This is a relatively conservative figure: properly implemented control activities can remove almost all losses due to the disease (Rowlands et al, 1999;Muhanguzi et al, 2014). For the 3-yearly applications of SAT and for ITC a lower figure of 60% was applied.…”

Section: Mapping Benefit-cost Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mapping the benefit-cost ratios of interventions against bovine trypanosomosis in Eastern Africa

Shaw

Wint

Cecchi³

et al. 2015

Preventive Veterinary Medicine

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This study builds upon earlier work mapping the potential benefits from bovine trypanosomosis control and analysing the costs of different approaches. Updated costs were derived for five intervention techniques: trypanocides, targets, insecticide-treated cattle, aerial spraying and the release of sterile males. Two strategies were considered: continuous control and elimination. For mapping the costs, cattle densities, environmental constraints, and the presence of savannah or riverine tsetse species were taken into account. These were combined with maps of potential benefits to produce maps of benefit-cost ratios. The results illustrate a diverse picture, and they clearly indicate that no single technique or strategy is universally profitable. For control using trypanocide prophylaxis, returns are modest, even without accounting for the risk of drug resistance but, in areas of low cattle densities, this is the only approach that yields a positive return. Where cattle densities are sufficient to support it, the use of insecticidetreated cattle stands out as the most consistently profitable technique, widely achieving benefit-cost ratios above 5. In parts of the high-potential areas such as the mixed farming, high-oxen-use zones of western Ethiopia, the fertile crescent north of Lake Victoria and the dairy production areas in western and central Kenya, all tsetse control strategies achieve benefit-cost ratios from 2 to over 15, and for elimination strategies, ratios from 5 to over 20. By contrast, in some areas, notably where cattle densities are below 20 per km 2 , the costs of interventions against tsetse match or even outweigh the benefits, especially for control scenarios using aerial spraying or the deployment of targets where both savannah and riverine flies are present. If the burden of human African trypanosomosis were factored in, the benefit-cost ratios of some of the low-return areas would be considerably increased. Comparatively, elimination strategies give rise to higher benefit-cost ratios than do those for continuous control. However, the costs calculated for elimination assume problem-free, large scale operations, and they rest on the outputs of entomological models that are difficult to validate in the field. Experience indicates that the conditions underlying successful and sustained elimination campaigns are seldom met. By choosing the most appropriate thresholds for benefit-cost ratios, decision-makers and planners can use the maps to define strategies, assist in prioritising areas for intervention, and help choose among intervention techniques and approaches. The methodology would have wider applicability in analysing other disease constraints with a strong spatial component.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Live Baits -Insecticide-treated Cattle (Itc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Live Baits -Insecticide-treated Cattle (Itc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mapping Benefit-cost Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Mapping the benefit-cost ratios of interventions against bovine trypanosomosis in Eastern Africa

Shaw

Wint

Cecchi³

et al. 2015

Preventive Veterinary Medicine

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“…When properly applied, chemotherapy along with vector control becomes a very strong method of controlling trypanosomosis [49,50]. In general Diminazene aceturate (Berenil), Homidium chloride (Novidium) and Clinical and conventional parasitological diagnostic techniques are commonly used to detect trypanosome infections in African countries due to their simplicity [30,40].…”

Section: Villagementioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Identification of Trypanosome Species in Cattle of the Mikumi Human/Livestock/Wildlife Interface Areas, Tanzania

Nhamitambo¹

2017

J Infect Dis Epidemiol

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Trypanosomosis is a major neglected disease of animals and man that causes great negative socio-economic impact in many African countries. It is caused by protozoan parasites of the blood from the genus Trypanosoma. Previous studies have investigated the prevalence and risk factors of trypanosomosis in Tanzania, but none has been done in the human/ livestock/wildlife interface areas of Mikumi National Park. The present study determined prevalence of trypanosomosis in cattle blood sampled in five villages of the Mikumi interface areas. Trypanosome species were identified using the nested ITS-PCR and SRA-LAMP. Acquired biodata and spatial information were used for the analysis of risk factors based on the proximity from the park. Data analysis for categorical variables was performed using Chi-square, Fishers exact test, Odds and Risk ratios. Maps were created using the ArcMap ™ version 10.1 GIS software (ESRI 2012). Overall prevalence was 51.47%. Infection significantly varied among the 5 villages (p = 0.0022). The study identified 7 different species of trypanosomes. Trypanosoma simiae had the highest rate of infection 48.15%, followed by T. theileri 26.67%, T. vivax 16.30%, T. brucei brucei 4.44%, T. congolense forest 2.22%, T. simiae tsavo 1.48% and T. congolense kilifi 0.74%. No zoonotic species were identified. High density vegetation (p = 0.0001) and human activity (livestock market and cattle movement) (p = 0.0001) were identified as strong risk factors for infection. Areas with charco dams (p = 0.0001) and those close to tsetse screens and traps (p = 0.0006) had significantly lower infection prevalence. Identifying risk factors, quantifying the risk and doing spatial analysis is essential to determine the control measures to be used in the affected rural communities.

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More than one rabbit out of the hat: Radiation, transgenic and symbiont-based approaches for sustainable management of mosquito and tsetse fly populations

et al. 2016

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Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) are bloodsucking vectors of human and animal pathogens. Mosquito-borne diseases (malaria, filariasis, dengue, zika, and chikungunya) cause severe mortality and morbidity annually, and tsetse fly-borne diseases (African trypanosomes causing sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in livestock) cost Sub-Saharan Africa an estimated US$ 4750 million annually. Current reliance on insecticides for vector control is unsustainable: due to increasing insecticide resistance and growing concerns about health and environmental impacts of chemical control there is a growing need for novel, effective and safe biologically-based methods that are more sustainable. The integration of the sterile insect technique has proven successful to manage crop pests and disease vectors, particularly tsetse flies, and is likely to prove effective against mosquito vectors, particularly once sex-separation methods are improved. Transgenic and symbiont-based approaches are in development, and more advanced in (particularly Aedes) mosquitoes than in tsetse flies; however, issues around stability, sustainability and biosecurity have to be addressed, especially when considering population replacement approaches. Regulatory issues and those relating to intellectual property and economic cost of application must also be overcome. Standardised methods to assess insect quality are required to compare and predict efficacy of the different approaches. Different combinations of these three approaches could be integrated to maximise their benefits, and all have the potential to be used in tsetse and mosquito area-wide integrated pest management programmes.

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Improvements on Restricted Insecticide Application Protocol for Control of Human and Animal African Trypanosomiasis in Eastern Uganda

Cited by 44 publications

References 41 publications

Mapping the benefit-cost ratios of interventions against bovine trypanosomosis in Eastern Africa

Mapping the benefit-cost ratios of interventions against bovine trypanosomosis in Eastern Africa

Molecular Identification of Trypanosome Species in Cattle of the Mikumi Human/Livestock/Wildlife Interface Areas, Tanzania

More than one rabbit out of the hat: Radiation, transgenic and symbiont-based approaches for sustainable management of mosquito and tsetse fly populations

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