Improving CIGS thin film by evaporation of CIGS nanoparticles without phase change

Ghanbari, Ehsan; Zahedifar, M.; Moradi, Mehrdad

doi:10.1007/s00339-019-2561-5

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The CIGS composition contains rare metals such as indium and gallium. − Some researchers have attempted to replace indium and gallium in CIGS with lower-priced elements, such as zinc and tin. , However, the efficiency of alternative solar cells is likely to be affected, and this is not feasible because of the unique optoelectronic properties of indium and gallium. , In contrast, reuse of indium and gallium in waste for solar cell production is considered another initiative. , Presently, highly expensive indium and gallium are primarily recovered from byproducts of metallurgical industries. , However, indium and gallium contents in these materials are relatively low (<100 g/t). Two mainstream methods are available to produce CIGS, i.e., magnetron sputtering , and vacuum evaporation. , Both methods will produce CIGS waste during operation . Total indium and gallium content in CIGS target waste from sputtering can reach 3500 g/t, which is more than 35 times that of the aforementioned metallurgical byproducts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two mainstream methods are available to produce CIGS, i.e., magnetron sputtering 23,24 and vacuum evaporation. 25,26 Both methods will produce CIGS waste during operation. 27 Total indium and gallium content in CIGS target waste from sputtering can reach 3500 g/t, 28 which is more than 35 times that of the aforementioned metallurgical byproducts.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effective Separation and Recovery of Valuable Components from CIGS Chamber Waste via Controlled Phase Transformation and Selective Leaching

Liu

et al. 2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) chamber waste formed during CIGS solar-cell production was subjected to two-stage sulfation roasting for controlled phase transformation and selective leaching to separate valuable components. Selenium was initially separated in the first stage of sulfation roasting. Under the optimal conditions, 99.96% of selenium was volatilized into gas in the form of selenium dioxide, and the remaining components were converted to sulfates. The second stage of roasting followed by water leaching was investigated for the separation and recovery of the remaining components in slag. Controlled phase transformation of sulfates was completed in the second stage roasting. Indium and gallium sulfates are converted to oxides, whereas CuSO4 remained nearly unchanged. Afterward, 95.90% of copper was selectively leached into liquor, and the leaching rates of indium and gallium were only 5.67% and 2.89%, respectively. Consequently, the content of mixed indium and gallium oxides in the leach residue was 91.09%. Exploratory experiments show that indium and gallium can be effectively separated via alkali leaching and precipitation. Therefore, effective separation of valuable metals from CIGS chamber waste was achieved based on the different physical and chemical properties of the components.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Separation and Recovery of Valuable Components from CIGS Chamber Waste via Controlled Phase Transformation and Selective Leaching

Liu

et al. 2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…The current record for efficiency is 22.9%. 1−4 Methods for CIGS synthesis vary and primarily include evaporation, 5,6 sonochemical, 7 sputtering, 8,9 laser deposition, 10 selenization, 11,12 solvothermal, 13,14 inkjet printing, 15 electrodeposition, 16 and solution deposition methods. 17 The global production capacity of thin film solar cells reached approximately 9.3 GW in 2015.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a second-generation solar cell, a copper–indium–gallium–selenide (CIGS) thin film solar cell exhibits the advantages of high conversion efficiency, strong light absorption capability, and high power generation stability. The current record for efficiency is 22.9%. − Methods for CIGS synthesis vary and primarily include evaporation, , sonochemical, sputtering, , laser deposition, selenization, , solvothermal, , inkjet printing, electrodeposition, and solution deposition methods . The global production capacity of thin film solar cells reached approximately 9.3 GW in 2015.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Separation and Recovery of Valuable Elements from Spent CIGS Materials

Xing

et al. 2019

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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A separation–recovery method was proposed in this study to recover valuable elements from spent copper–indium–gallium–selenium (CIGS) materials based on the different physical and chemical properties of their components. Spent CIGS materials were first roasted at 1000 °C to achieve phase transformation. During the transformation, 99.9% selenium was volatilized and recovered via oxidation into selenium dioxide. Meanwhile, other metals were converted from selenides to oxides. Subsequently, the indium and gallium in the roasting product were separated from copper via sulfuric acid leaching and precipitation. After the precipitation product was roasted, mixed oxides that contained 90.59% indium oxide and gallium oxide were obtained. The recovery rates of indium and gallium were 97.74% and 97.41%, respectively. Lastly, 99.83% of the copper in the filtrate was recovered via solvent extraction. The selective separation and recovery of valuable metals can be achieved through the rational utilization of the physical and chemical properties of elements in spent CIGS materials.

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“…3 Several methods have been employed to deposit CIGS layers on various substrates. Electrodeposition, [4][5][6] sputtering, [7][8][9][10] co-evaporation, [11][12][13] and co-deposition techniques, in which the precursors of Cu-In-Ga are selenized in a Se atmosphere. [14][15][16] Recently, the solar frontier group claimed to achieve a 23.25% efficiency in CIGS solar cells using the coevaporation vacuum technique.…”

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confidence: 99%

Optimization of Growth Parameters of the RF-Sputtered CuInGaSe₂ Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications

Desarada,

Chavan,

Chaure

et al. 2023

ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol.

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CuInGaSe2 (CIGS) thin films were deposited by radio-frequency sputtering using a single quaternary target and the effects of various parameters, such as substrate temperature, sputtering power, and gas flow rate, were studied. The structural, morphological, compositional, and optical properties of the films were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, and UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy. Samples exhibited the chalcopyrite-type tetragonal structure confirmed by XRD analysis. Raman spectroscopy showed the presence of Cu poor OVC phase in all samples.The growth of the sample at a higher substrate temperature resulted in a higher crystalline nature with a suppressed OVC phase and with an energy bandgap of 1.1eV. The deposition of CIGS at 160 W sputtering power favors growth towards (112) Bragg crystal plane, suppressing the (220)/(204) plane of CIGS, shows change in preferred orientation with a lower sputtering power at 80 and 120 W. The sample grown at 60 standard cubic centimeter per minute gas flow rate exhibited compact grain growth with marginally improved crystallinity.The sample grown at 160W, 300°C, and 60SCCM shows better crystalline and morphological properties, and it can be used as an absorber layer for highly efficient CIGS thin-film solar cells.

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Improving CIGS thin film by evaporation of CIGS nanoparticles without phase change

Cited by 13 publications

References 39 publications

Effective Separation and Recovery of Valuable Components from CIGS Chamber Waste via Controlled Phase Transformation and Selective Leaching

Effective Separation and Recovery of Valuable Components from CIGS Chamber Waste via Controlled Phase Transformation and Selective Leaching

Separation and Recovery of Valuable Elements from Spent CIGS Materials

Optimization of Growth Parameters of the RF-Sputtered CuInGaSe₂ Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications

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Improving CIGS thin film by evaporation of CIGS nanoparticles without phase change

Cited by 13 publications

References 39 publications

Effective Separation and Recovery of Valuable Components from CIGS Chamber Waste via Controlled Phase Transformation and Selective Leaching

Effective Separation and Recovery of Valuable Components from CIGS Chamber Waste via Controlled Phase Transformation and Selective Leaching

Separation and Recovery of Valuable Elements from Spent CIGS Materials

Optimization of Growth Parameters of the RF-Sputtered CuInGaSe2 Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications

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Optimization of Growth Parameters of the RF-Sputtered CuInGaSe₂ Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications