The rapid development of electrochemical energy storage systems requires new electrode materials with high performance. As at wo-dimensional material, molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 )h as attracted increasing interest in energy storage applications due to its layered structure, tunable physical and chemical properties,a nd high capacity.I nt his review,t he atomic structuresa nd properties of different phases of MoS 2 are first introduced. Then, typical synthetic methods for MoS 2 and MoS 2 -basedc omposites are presented. Furthermore, the recent progress in the design of diverse MoS 2 -based micro/nanostructures for rechargeable batteries, including lithium-ion, lithium-sulfur,s odium-ion, potassiumion, and multivalent-ion batteries, is overviewed. Additionally,t he roles of advanced in situ/operando techniques and theoretical calculations in elucidating fundamentali nsights into the structural and electrochemical processes taking place in these materials during battery operation are illustrated. Finally,aperspective is given on how the properties of MoS 2 -based electrode materials are further improved and how they can find widespread application in the next-generation electrochemical energy-storage systems.[a] J.Apart from designing different nanostructured MoS 2 -based materials for battery applications, the fundamental understanding of reaction mechanisms, structuralp roperties, and phase transitions is vital to the development of improved electrode materials. As eries of in situ techniques, including XRD, [85] X-ray absorptions pectroscopy (XAS), [86] Raman, [66,75] andT EM, [85a, 87] have been adopted to provide insights into the electrochemical mechanismsr elated to MoS 2 -based electrodes, see Table 4.