Improving fuel economy and performance of a fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicle (fuel-cell, battery, and ultra-capacitor) using optimized energy management strategy

Ahmadi, Sina; Bathaee, S.M.T.; Hosseinpour, Amir H.

doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2018.01.020

Cited by 323 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The values obtained by simulation using the static feed-forward (sFF) strategy [36], which is considered in this study as a reference strategy because it is the most known strategy implemented in commercial FC systems, are mentioned in the first column of these Tables. The differences in the performance indicators will be defined compared to the sFF strategy by using (15):…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Better Fuel Economy by Optimizing Airflow of the Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Systems Using Fuel Flow-Based Load-Following Control

et al. 2019

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In this paper, the results of the sensitivity analysis applied to a fuel cell hybrid power system using a fuel economy strategy is analyzed in order to select the best values of the parameters involved in fuel consumption optimization. The fuel economy strategy uses the fuel and air flow rates to efficiently operate the proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell (FC) system based on the load-following control and the global extremum seeking (GES) algorithm. The load-following control will ensure the charge-sustained mode for the batteries’ stack, improving its lifetime. The optimization function’s optimum, which is defined to improve the fuel economy, will be tracked in real-time by two GES algorithms that will generate the references for the controller of the boost DC-DC converter and air regulator. The optimization function and performance indicators (such as FC net power, FC electrical efficiency, fuel efficiency, and fuel economy) have a multimodal behavior in dithers’ frequency. Furthermore, the optimum in the considered range of frequencies depends on the load level. So, the best value could be selected as the frequency where the optimum is obtained for the most load levels. Considering a dither frequency of 100 Hz selected as the best value, the sensitivity analysis of the fuel economy is further analyzed for different values of the weighting parameter keff, highlighting the multimodal feature in the parameters for the optimization function and fuel economy as well. A keff value around of 20 lpm/W seems to give the best fuel economy in the full range of load.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Better Fuel Economy by Optimizing Airflow of the Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Systems Using Fuel Flow-Based Load-Following Control

et al. 2019

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“…For a hybrid power system, the energy management strategy will affect the energy utilization efficiency, dynamic response performance, fuel economy, and service life of the hybrid power system [2,13,14,17,[24][25][26][27][28]. The main objectives of the energy management strategy for the proposed hybrid forklift is to effectively distribute the output power of each energy unit under the premise of meeting the power demand of the forklift, to reduce the hydrogen fuel consumption, to enhance the fuel utilization rate, to improve the performance of the power supply, to prolong the service life of the fuel cell and the battery, and to increase the cruising range of the forklift.…”

Section: Energy Management Strategy Based On Load Current Followingmentioning

confidence: 99%

System Design and Energy Management for a Fuel Cell/Battery Hybrid Forklift

et al. 2018

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Electric forklifts, dominantly powered by lead acid batteries, are widely used for material handling in factories, warehouses, and docks. The long charging time and short working time characteristics of the lead acid battery module results in the necessity of several battery modules to support one forklift. Compared with the cost and time consuming lead acid battery charging system, a fuel cell/battery hybrid power module could be more convenient for a forklift with fast hydrogen refueling and long working time. In this paper, based on the characteristics of a fuel cell and a battery, a prototype hybrid forklift with a fuel cell/battery hybrid power system is constructed, and its hardware and software are designed in detail. According to the power demand of driver cycles and the state of charge (SOC) of battery, an energy management strategy based on load current following for the hybrid forklift is proposed to improve system energy efficiency and dynamic response performance. The proposed energy management strategy will fulfill the power requirements under typical driving cycles, achieve reasonable power distribution between the fuel cell and battery and, thus, prolong its continuous working time. The proposed energy management strategy is implemented in the hybrid forklift prototype and its effectiveness is tested under different operating conditions. The results show that the forklift with the proposed hybrid powered strategy has good performance with different loads, both lifting and moving, in a smooth and steady way, and the output of the fuel cell meets the requirements of its output characteristics, its SOC of battery remaining at a reasonable level.

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“…The constraints to design the FC-HPS of a FC vehicle are clearly related to available space and weight limitations, lifetime and safe operation of the FC system and batteries stack, maintenance cost, and so on [83], so an optimization problem involving multiple objectives such as technical, economic, and environmental objectives must be a combination of the conflicting performance indicators to be easy implemented [1,45]. Besides the fuel economy (or total fuel consumption: Fuel T = FuelFr(t)dt) as general performance indicator, other performance indicators can be integrated in the optimization function depending of application and load profile [86], but also by the environment conditions due to emplacement of the FC-HPS in different places situated on worldwide [87]. For example, fuel economy, lithium battery size and powertrain system durability, and, respectively, fuel economy and power efficiency are linearly mixed in the optimization function used in [88,89].…”

Section: Optimization Objectives and Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Comparison of Three Real-Time Optimization Strategies Applied to Renewable/FC-Based Hybrid Power Systems Based on Load-Following Control

Bizon

Oproescu

2018

Energies

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Besides three different real-time optimization strategies analyzed for the Renewable/ Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Systems (REW/FC-HPS) based on load-following (LFW) control, a short but critical assessment of the Real-Time Optimization (RTO) strategies is presented in this paper. The advantage of power flow balance on the DC bus through the FC net power generated using the LFW control instead of using the batteries’ stack is highlighted in this study. As LFW control consequence, the battery operates in charge-sustained mode and many advantages can be exploited in practice such as: reducing the size of the battery and maintenance cost, canceling the monitoring condition of the battery state-of-charge etc. The optimization of three FC-HPSs topologies based on appropriate RTO strategy is performed here using indicators such as fuel economy, fuel consumption efficiency, and FC electrical efficiency. The challenging task to optimize operation of the FC-HPS under unknown profile of the load demand is approached using an optimization function based on linear mix of the FC net power and the fuel consumption through the weighting coefficients knet and kfuel. If optimum values are chosen, then a RTO switching strategy can improve even further the fuel economy over the entire range of load.

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Improving fuel economy and performance of a fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicle (fuel-cell, battery, and ultra-capacitor) using optimized energy management strategy

Cited by 323 publications

References 36 publications

Better Fuel Economy by Optimizing Airflow of the Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Systems Using Fuel Flow-Based Load-Following Control

Better Fuel Economy by Optimizing Airflow of the Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Systems Using Fuel Flow-Based Load-Following Control

System Design and Energy Management for a Fuel Cell/Battery Hybrid Forklift

Experimental Comparison of Three Real-Time Optimization Strategies Applied to Renewable/FC-Based Hybrid Power Systems Based on Load-Following Control

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