“…Numerous investigations have concentrated on utilizing wireless signals, such as Wi-Fi [5][6][7], Bluetooth [8], Zigbee [3], [9][10][11], Ultra-Wide-Band (UWB) [12,13] and infrared [14][15][16], for the purpose of DFL. These signals can be employed to analyze variations in parameters like Received Signal Strength (RSS) [17][18][19][20], Channel-State-Information (CSI) [21][22][23][24], Angle of Arrival (AoA) [25,26] and Time of Arrival (ToA) [27,28] in order to estimate the position of individuals. In particular, RSS-based techniques have been extensively explored, leveraging the decay of wireless signals to ascertain the proximity of individuals to access points.…”