Improving location of recording classification using Electric Network Frequency (ENF) analysis

Saric, Zeljana; Žunić, Anastazia; Zrnic, Tijana; Knežević, Milivoje; Despotovic, Danica; Delić, Tijana

doi:10.1109/sisy.2016.7601517

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…The authors in [114] investigated the use of five machine-learning algorithms in region-of-recording identification using power and audio recordings captured from ten various power grids. The machine-learning algorithms examined were SVM, K-nearest neighbors, linear perceptron, random forests, and neural networks.…”

Section: ) Inter-grid Localizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

ENF Based Digital Multimedia Forensics: Survey, Application, Challenges and Future Work

Ngharamike,

Ang,

Seng

et al. 2023

IEEE Access

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The electric network frequency (ENF) represents the transmission frequency of the electrical grid and fluctuates constantly around 50 Hz or 60 Hz, subject to the region. This constant fluctuation, caused by the continuous mismatch in power demand and supply, makes the ENF a unique signature, which can be utilized for several applications. According to studies, the ENF may be intrinsically implanted in audio recordings captured by digital audio recorders (e.g., microphone-based voice recorder) plugged into the mains supply or are situated close to sources of power and power transmission cable due to electromagnetic field interference originated from power source or acoustic hum and mechanical vibrations emitted by electrically operated devices such as regular household appliances. Recent studies further observed that video recordings made under an illumination source powered by main power can pick up the ENF signal. Following this discovery, several research efforts have been invested towards successful and accurate extraction of the ENF signal, and utilizing the ENF signal retrieved for several applications, including time stamp verification, audio/video authentication, location of recording estimation, power grid identification, estimation of camera read-out time, and video record synchronization. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no comprehensive survey on ENF-based multimedia forensics. Thus, in this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of studies conducted in this field, identifying several application specifics, current challenges, and future research directions.INDEX TERMS Electric network frequency (ENF), ENF detection, ENF estimation, audio and video forensic, ENF applications

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Section: ) Inter-grid Localizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

ENF Based Digital Multimedia Forensics: Survey, Application, Challenges and Future Work

Ngharamike,

Ang,

Seng

et al. 2023

IEEE Access

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Power Signature for Multimedia Forensics

Hajj-Ahmad

Wong

Choi

et al. 2022

Multimedia Forensics

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There has been an increasing amount of work surrounding the Electric Network Frequency (ENF) signal, an environmental signature captured by audio and video recordings made in locations where there is electrical activity. ENF is the frequency of power distribution networks, 60 Hz in most of the Americas and 50 Hz in most other parts of the world. The ubiquity of this power signature and the appearance of its traces in media recordings motivated its early application toward time–location authentication of audio recordings. Since then, more work has been done toward utilizing this signature for other forensic applications, such as inferring the grid in which a recording was made, as well as applications beyond forensics, such as temporally synchronizing media pieces. The goal of this chapter is to provide an overview of the research work that has been done on the ENF signal and to provide an outlook for the future.

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The Electric Network Frequency Based Method of Forensic Audio Analysis

Бессонов

Бояров

Степанов

2019

Teor. prakt. sud. èkspert.

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The article describes new possibilities for technical authentication of audio recordings and determination of circumstances in which they were made in the context of Russian forensic practice. The proposed method is based on comparing the frequency of the electric current in the grid reflected in the submitted audio evidence with reference electric network frequency (ENF) indicators, which are recorded on a regular basis using a specialized hardware and software suite. This method is known as the Electric Network Frequency (ENF) Criterion (developed by Romanian expert Catalin Grigoras in 2005) and has been used by forensic practitioners around the world since 2009. The paper discusses the substance of the method, its possibilities and limitations, and demonstrates its practical value in helping to establish whether an audio recording was tampered with, as well as the date and time it was made. The article is intended for experts as a summary of the method, and for investigators to familiarize themselves with the new possibilities of scientific methodology.

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Improving location of recording classification using Electric Network Frequency (ENF) analysis

Cited by 3 publications

References 5 publications

ENF Based Digital Multimedia Forensics: Survey, Application, Challenges and Future Work

ENF Based Digital Multimedia Forensics: Survey, Application, Challenges and Future Work

Power Signature for Multimedia Forensics

The Electric Network Frequency Based Method of Forensic Audio Analysis

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