“…Our results are quite different from most previous studies in higher education settings, most of which identi ed negative effects of online courses on college student education (Alpert, Couch, & Harmon, 2016;Bambara, Harbour, Davies, & Athey, 2009;Banerjee & Du o, 2014;Bowen, Chingos, Lack, & Nygren, 2013;B. W. Brown & Liedholm, 2002;Chevalier, Dolton, & Luhrmann, 2014;Figlio, Rush, & Yin, 2013;Hart, Friedmann, & Hill, 2018;Hoxby, 2014;Oreopoulos, Petronijevic, Logel, & Beattie, 2018;Perna et al, 2013;Smith, 2017;Streich, 2014;Xu & Jaggars, 2013;Xu & Jaggars, 2014). These differences illustrate that the impact of modern educational technology on education is very complex.…”