Improving nutrient values of palm kernel cake (PKC) by reducing shell contamination and enzymes supplementation

Sinurat, A.P; Purwadaria, T; Pasaribu, Tiurma

doi:10.14334/jitv.v18i1.254

Cited by 5 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…The ash and CF contents were 5.54% and 27.25% lower, respectively. These results agree with Sinurat et al (2013), who observed that reduction the shell of PKC, increased nutrient contents of CP, EE, and AAs, and decreased CF. The DM content of PKC varies from 90.87% (Mustafa et al, 2004) to 91.74% (Ezieshi and Olomu, 2009), 91.80% (Sharmila et al, 2014), 93.21% (Wallace et al, 2010), 88.57% (Keong, 2004), 91.42% (Alshelmani et al, 2017), 96.3% (Zulkifli et al, 2009), and 91.83% (Dairo and Fasuyi, 2007).…”

Section: Amino Acid Contentsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Nutrient Composition and Cell-Wall Structure of Palm Kernel Cake Supplemented with Enzymes

Zubaidah,

Hanim,

Ariyadi

et al. 2024

AAVS

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This study aimed to determine the nutritional composition of palm kernel cake (PKC) and its cell-wall structure. PKC with and without shells samples were used to study the chemical composition of PKC, and PKC with and without enzymes were used to investigate cell-wall structure. The enzymes consisted of mannanase (182 g/ tons), nonstarch polysaccharide degrading enzyme (200 g/tons), and protease (130 g/tons). The chemical composition included dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, ether extract (EE), nitrogen-free extract (NFE), crude fiber (CF), total energy, amino acids (AAs), and fatty acids (FAs). In this study, the chemical composition was analyzed T -test student, while AAs, FAs, and cell-wall structure was analyzed descriptively. The microstructure of PKC cell wall after in vitro digestibility was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The PKC with shell contained the following: 4,417.81 Kcal/kg gross energy, 95.45% DM, 4.51% ash, 15.95% CP, 8.36% EE, 21.21% CF, 49.78% NFE, 0.55% lysine, 0.09% methionine, and 47% lauric acid (LA). The PKC without shell had the following: gross energy of 4,555.43 Kcal/kg, 97.84% DM, 4.26% ash, 22.33% CP, 9.29% EE, 15.43% CF, 50.29% NFE, 0.62% lysine, 0.14% methionine, and 49% LA. The PKC without enzyme addition showed a whole and smooth cell-wall structure, and that of PKC with enzyme was looser, coarser, and more porous. In conclusion, PKC without shells had higher chemical components, AA, and FA than the PKC with shell. The results on the cell-wall structure of PKC with enzyme showed that enzymes could loosen the cell-wall bonds of PKC.

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Section: Amino Acid Contentsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Approximately 9.1% up to 22.8% of shell fragments contaminated the PKC. Shell fragments can be reduced via shell filtration through a sieve with a diameter of 2 mm, which effectively reduced PKC shells by up to 50% (Sinurat et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrient Composition and Cell-Wall Structure of Palm Kernel Cake Supplemented with Enzymes

Zubaidah,

Hanim,

Ariyadi

et al. 2024

AAVS

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“…The beneficial effect of dietary enzyme supplementation is normally pronounced in better efficiency of feed utilization as an effect of reduction in feed intake (Hajati, 2010), higher body weight gain (El-Kelawy et al, 2017), or the combination between feed intake reduction and body weight gain improvement (Amerah et al, 2017). The BS4 enzyme used in this experiment has been reported to increase dry matter, protein-digestibility, and the ME of palm kernel meal (Sinurat et al, 2013;, ileal protein, and amino acids digestibility of fermented palm kernel cake (Sinurat et al, 2014). This is in line with results that showed that feeding chickens with lower nutrient levels achieved similar performances as those fed with nutrient density diets (Abudabos, 2012;Jabbar et al, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Performances of KUB Chickens Fed Diets with Different Nutrient Densities and BS4 Enzyme Supplementation

Sinurat¹,

Haryati²,

Herliatika³

2022

Trop. Anim. Sci. J.

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An experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary enzyme supplementation (E) on the performance of KUB chickens fed different nutrient densities (ND). Diets with three densities: 70.7 g crude protein/Mcal or high (H), 66.1 g crude protein/Mcal or medium (M), and 59.3 g crude protein/ Mcal or low (L), were formulated and supplemented with or without enzyme. Diets were given in four feeding programs, i.e. , H-M-L, H-M-M, M-M-L, and M-L-L during the starter (1-28 d), grower (29-56 d), and finisher (57-84 d) periods, respectively. Each treatment was replicated five times. Bodyweight gain (BWG), feed intake, and FCR were measured each period. At the end of the trial, carcass yield and internal organs were measured. Results of the experiment (1-84 d period) showed that the feed intake was significantly affected by ND. Chickens fed the H-M-L diets have the highest feed intake, while the lowest was found in chickens fed M-M-L diets. A significant interaction was found in the FCR. The best FCR was found in chickens fed the H-M-M diets without enzymes, but the best FCR was found on the M-M-L diets with enzymes. Livability, carcass yield, abdominal fat, liver, proventriculus, and gizzard weights were not affected by the treatments. The jejunum sizes of chickens were significantly longer when fed the low-density diet than those fed the higher nutrient density diet. The ileum sizes of chickens were significantly shorter than chickens fed the diet without enzymes. The highest income over feed cost was achieved when chickens were fed the M-M-L diets supplemented with enzymes. It is concluded that the best performance of growing KUB chickens was obtained when fed M-M-L diets supplemented with BS4 enzymes (30 Units of saccharification/kg diet) and when fed H-M-M diets without enzyme supplementation.

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“…Limbah industri pertanian yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai adsorben adalah ampas kelapa, bungkil inti sawit, dan bungkil kelapa, limbah tersebut merupakan limbah yang ketersediaannya sangat melimpah dan masih memiliki kandungan nutrisi yang cukup tinggi. Kandungan protein dan serat kasar ampas kelapa yaitu 4,89% dan 28,72% (Hidayati, 2011), bungkil inti sawit yaitu 14,49% dan 17,63% (Sinurat et al, 2013) dan bungkil kelapa yaitu 16,6% dan 20,88% (Ramadhan et al, 2016).…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Kandungan dan Kualitas Nutrisi Campuran Darah Sapi dan Limbah Pertanian yang Difermentasikan oleh Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens sebagai Pakan Broiler

Ramadhan¹,

Wizna

Marlida

et al. 2021

jupet

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ABSTRAK. Campuran darah sapi dan limbah dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pakan hal ini di karenakan kadar protein yang tinggi pada darah sapi dan ketersediaan yang melimpah sehingga sangat potensial untuk digunakan sebagai pakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari perbandingan campuran terbaik antara darah sapi dan limbah industry pertanian (ampas kelapa, bungkil inti sawit dan bungkil kelapa), waktu fermentasi (24, 72 dan 120 jam) yang difermentasi oleh Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial 3 x 3 x 3 dengan 3 ulangan. Faktor 1 yaitu perbandingan level darah dan limbah pertanian terdiri dari : A1 = 0,8:1; A2 = 1:1, A3 = 1:1,2 (v/v), faktor 2 yaitu jenis limbah (adsorben) terdiri dari: B1 = ampas kelapa, B2 = bungkil inti sawit, B3 = bungkil kelapa, dan faktor 3 yaitu lama fermentasi terdiri dari: C1 = 24 jam, C2 = 72 jam, C3 = 120 jam. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan level darah 1:1,2, ampas kelapa, dan lama fermentasi 120 jam memiliki kandungan protein, serat kasar, retensi nitrogen, kecernaan serat kasar dan energi metabolisme terbaik dibandingkan dengan campuran yang lain. Kesimpulan penelitian ini yaitu campuran darah sapi dengan ampas kelapa (1:1,2) yang difermentasi oleh Bacillus amyloliquefaciens selama 120 jam menghasilkan kualitas nutrisi, retensi nitrogen, kecernaan serat kasar, dan metabolisme energi terbaik dibandingkan dengan campuran darah dengan limbah pertanian lainnya. Kata kunci: Darah sapi, limbah pertanian, fermentasi, bacillus amyloliquefaciens ABSTRACT. A mixture of bovine blood and agricultural waste that can be used as animal feed, this is due to the high protein content in cow blood and its abundant availability so it is potential to be used as animal feed. The first stage is to find out the best combination between blood and agricultural waste (coconut pulp, palm kernel cake and coconut cake), and fermentation time (24, 72 and 120 hours) which is fermented by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. This study used a 3x3x3 factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 replications. Factor 1 is the ratio of blood levels and agricultural waste consisting of: A1 = 0.8:1, A2 = 1:1, A3 = 1:1.2 (v / v), factor 2 is the type of waste (adsorbent) consisting of: B1 = coconut dregs, B2 = palm kernel meal, B3 = coconut cake, and factor 3, namely the fermentation time consisting of: C1 = 24 hours, C2 = 72 hours, C3 = 120 hours. The results of this study showed a blood level of 1:1.2, coconut pulp, and fermentation time of 120 hours had the best protein, crude fiber, nitrogen retention, crude fiber digestibility and metabolic energy compared to other mixtures. The conclusion of this study is that the mixture of bovine blood with coconut pulp (1: 1.2) fermented by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens for 120 hours resulted in the best nutritional quality, nitrogen retention, crude fiber digestibility, and energy metabolism compared to blood mixtures with other agricultural wastes.

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Improving nutrient values of palm kernel cake (PKC) by reducing shell contamination and enzymes supplementation

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Nutrient Composition and Cell-Wall Structure of Palm Kernel Cake Supplemented with Enzymes

Nutrient Composition and Cell-Wall Structure of Palm Kernel Cake Supplemented with Enzymes

Performances of KUB Chickens Fed Diets with Different Nutrient Densities and BS4 Enzyme Supplementation

Kandungan dan Kualitas Nutrisi Campuran Darah Sapi dan Limbah Pertanian yang Difermentasikan oleh Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens sebagai Pakan Broiler

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