Improving performance of natural rubber composites by the application of functional biofiller: horsetail modified with silane coupling agents

Abstract

The growing ecological awareness of society and increasingly stringent legal requirements regarding environmental protection and the strategy of implementing the principles of sustainable development force the search for and continuous development of environmentally friendly solutions in the field of polymer materials technology. One of the directions is the use of raw materials from renewable sources. For this reason, the research object of the presented work was natural rubber composites containing a filler of plant origin in the form of ground horsetail (HT) biomass. Despite its health-promoting properties, it is commonly considered a weed. What’s more, the ubiquitous occurrence and surplus make it a valuable source of waste biomass for management. Taking into account the limitations resulting from the hydrophilic nature of the lignocellulosic filler, and the related poor adhesion to the non-polar elastomer matrix, the horsetail filler was modified with organoalkoxysilanes. The study used silane compounds containing groups that can affect the properties of vulcanizates in various ways, such as vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES), 3,3′-Tetrathiobis(propyl-triethoxysilane) (TESPTS), 3-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), 3-(chloropropyl)triethoxysilane (CPTES) and octyltriethoxysilane (OTES). The biomass in the form of field horsetail was previously modified with selected silanes. Then, the bioadditive prepared in this way was applied to rubber mixtures. The process of modifying the natural filler contributed to structural changes in the lignocellulosic material, which may indicate the effective attachment of silane compounds to the horsetail surface. The results of the contact angle analysis show that the treatment strongly influenced the surface characteristics of the fillers, making them more hydrophobic. The results show that the type of silane coupling agent affects not only the processing associated with the vulcanization process but also the mechanical properties of the NR vulcanizates. This phenomenon is probably the result of increased rubber-bioadditive interaction and improved filler dispersion. Moreover, all composites with modified HT, show a greater flame permanence time than the one using unmodified filler. Graphical abstract